The American Journal of Science and Arts, Volume 50 (First Series) General Index to Forty-Nine Volumes

[Illustration: BENJAMIN SILLIMAN M.D., LL. D ]

Professor Of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Mineralogy And Geology.

In Yale College.

[Illustration: B. Silliman signature ]

The

American Journal

Of

Science And Arts.

Conducted By

Professor Silliman

And

Benjamin Silliman, Jr.

Volume L.

General Index To Forty-Nine Volumes.

New Haven:

PRINTED FOR THE EDITORS BY B. L. HAMLEN, Printer to Yale College.

Preface.

The project of the American Journal of Science and Arts was first suggested by Col. Gibbs, in November, 1817, during an accidental interview on board the steamboat Fulton in Long Island Sound.[A] The American Mineralogical Journal, by the late Dr. Archibald Bruce, (our earliest purely scientific journal,) which had been begun a few years before, was most favorably received both at home and abroad, but it never passed beyond one volume of 270 pages; and as the declining health of Dr. Bruce rendered the prospect of its continuance hopeless, it was thought that we ought not to lose the advantage already gained, and that a high demand of duty required that some man devoted to science, should undertake to sustain its interests and those of the connected arts, in our rising country. Although a different selection of an editor would have been much preferred, and many reasons, public and personal, concurred to produce diffidence of success, the arguments of Col. Gibbs, whose views on subjects of science were entitled to the most respectful consideration, and had justly great weight, being pressed with zeal and ability, induced a reluctant assent; and accordingly, after due consultation with many competent judges, the proposals were issued early in 1818, embracing the whole range of physical science and its applications. The Editor in entering on the duty, regarded it as an affair for life, and the thirty years of experience which he has now had, have proved that his views of the exigencies of the service were not erroneous.

This Journal first appeared in July, 1818, and in June, 1819, the first volume of four numbers and 448 pages was completed. This scale of publication, originally deemed sufficient, was found inadequate to receive all the communications, and as the receipts proved insufficient to sustain the expenses, the work, having but three hundred and fifty subscribers, was, at the end of the year, abandoned by the publishers.

An unprofitable enterprise not being attractive to the trade, ten months elapsed before another arrangement could be carried into effect, and therefore No. 1 of Vol. ii was not published until April, 1820. The new arrangement was one of mutual responsibility for the expenses, but the Editor was constrained nevertheless to pledge his own personal credit to obtain from a bank the funds necessary to begin again, and from this responsibility he was, for a series of years, seldom released. The single volume per annum being found insufficient for the communications, two volumes a year were afterwards published, commencing with the second volume.

At the conclusion of Vol. x, in February, 1826, the work was again left upon the hands of its Editor; all its receipts had been absorbed by the expenses, and it became necessary now to pay a heavy sum to the retiring publisher, as an equivalent for his copies of previous volumes, as it was deemed necessary either to control the work entirely or to abandon it. The Editor was not willing to think of the latter, especially as he was encouraged by public approbation, and was cheered onward in his labors by eminent men both at home and abroad, and he saw distinctly that the Journal was rendering service not only to science and the arts, but to the reputation of his country. He reflected moreover that in almost every valuable enterprise perseverance in effort is necessary to success. He being now sole proprietor, a new arrangement was made for a single year, the publishers being at liberty, at the end of that time, to retire, and the Editor to resume the Journal should he prefer that course.

The latter alternative he adopted, taking upon himself the entire concern, including both the business and the editorial duties, and of course, all the correspondence and accounts. From that time the work has proceeded without interruption, two volumes per annum having been published for the last twenty years; and its pecuniary claims ceased to be onerous, although its means have never been large.

Forty-nine volumes having been published, ending with Number 100, October, 1845, it was deemed expedient to close the series with a fiftieth volume, which should contain an ample and well digested INDEX of the whole. This great labor, vastly more arduous and protracted than had been anticipated, is at last accomplished. The strict verification of every reference in this Index, by actual comparison of the proof with the volume and page, has been a labor surpassed only by the toil of constructing the Index itself. The printing was commenced in October, 1846, and so toilsome and time-consuming has been the correction of the proofs, that although the work has gone steadily forward, without interruption, it is only at this late day completed. We may confidently believe that the volume will prove useful, not only to those who may possess the whole series, but to all who are connected in any way with the arts or sciences; for, whatever the department, the reader is directed by it to the various memoirs that have been published in the Journal on the subject that interests him, whether relating to the progress of science, to details of facts in the different departments of knowledge, or to the various resources of this and other countries: with such a guide, the entire copies of the work in public libraries or in those of individuals, become available.

As this volume may be consulted by many who have never seen the plan and prospectus of the Journal with which the first volume began, we republish, on this occasion, both the "Plan of the Work," and also those parts of the "Introductory Remarks" in which our early views were explained. Our readers will thus be able to judge how far we have fulfilled our engagements, and also how far our prospective views have been realized in the course of our now long experience. They will have moreover before them in this Prospectus of 1817, the principles that are still to guide us in our continued editorial labors.

"Plan Of The Work.[B]

"This Journal is intended to embrace the circle of the PHYSICAL SCIENCES, with their applications to the ARTS, and to every useful purpose.

It is designed as a deposit for original American communications; but will contain also occasional selections from Foreign Journals, and notices of the progress of Science in other countries.

Within its plan are embraced,

NATURAL HISTORY, in its three great departments of MINERALOGY, BOTANY and ZOOLOGY:--

CHEMISTRY and NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, in their various branches; and MATHEMATICS, pure and mixed.

It will be a leading object to illustrate AMERICAN NATURAL HISTORY, and especially our MINERALOGY and GEOLOGY.

The APPLICATIONS of these sciences are obviously as numerous as physical arts and physical wants; for no one of these arts or wants can be named which is not connected with them.

While SCIENCE will be cherished _for its own sake_, and with a due respect for its own inherent dignity; it will also be employed as the handmaid to the Arts. Its numerous applications to AGRICULTURE, the earliest and most important of them; to our MANUFACTURES both mechanical and chemical; and to our DOMESTIC ECONOMY, will be carefully sought out, and faithfully made.

It is also within the design of this Journal to receive communications on MUSIC, SCULPTURE, ENGRAVING, PAINTING, and generally on the fine and liberal, as well as useful arts:--

On Military and Civil Engineering, and the art of Navigation:--

Notices, Reviews and Analyses of new scientific works, and of new Inventions, and Specifications of Patents:--

Bibliographical and Obituary Notices of scientific men; essays on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, and generally on such other branches of medicine as depend on scientific principles:--

Meteorological Registers, and Reports of Agricultural Experiments: and we would leave room also for interesting miscellaneous things, not exactly included under either of the above heads.

Communications are respectfully solicited from men of science, and from men versed in the practical arts.

Learned Societies are invited to make this Journal, occasionally, the vehicle of their communications to the public.

The Editor will not hold himself responsible for the sentiments and opinions advanced by his correspondents; but he will consider it as an allowed liberty to make slight verbal alterations, where errors may be presumed to have arisen from inadvertency."

"Introductory Remarks.

"The age in which we live is not less distinguished by a vigorous and successful cultivation of physical science, than by its numerous and important applications to the practical arts, and to the common purposes of life.

"In every enlightened country, men illustrious for talent, worth, and knowledge, are ardently engaged in enlarging the boundaries of natural science; and the history of their labors and discoveries is communicated to the world chiefly through the medium of Scientific Journals. The utility of such Journals has thus become generally evident; they are the heralds of science; they proclaim its toils and its achievements; they demonstrate its intimate connexion as well with the comfort, as with the intellectual and moral improvement of our species; and they often procure for it enviable honors and substantial rewards.

"In England, the interests of science have been, for a series of years, greatly promoted by the excellent Journals of Tilloch and Nicholson; and for the loss of the latter, the scientific world has been fully compensated by Dr. Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, and by the Journal of Science and the Arts, both published in London.

"In France, the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, the Journal des Mines, the Journal de Physique, &c. have long enjoyed a high and deserved reputation. Indeed, there are few countries in Europe which do not produce some similar publication; not to mention the transactions of learned societies and numerous medical journals.

"From these sources _our_ country reaps, and will long continue to reap, an abundant harvest of information: and if the light of science, as well as of day, springs from the east, we will welcome the rays of both; nor should national pride induce us to reject so rich an offering.

"But can we do nothing in return?

"In a general diffusion of useful information through the various classes of society, in activity of intellect, and fertility of resource and invention, producing a highly intelligent population, we have no reason to shrink from a comparison with any country. But the devoted cultivators of science in the United States, are comparatively few; they are, however, rapidly increasing in number. Among them are persons distinguished for their capacity and attainments, and, notwithstanding the local feelings nourished by our state sovereignties, and the rival claims of several of our larger cities, there is evidently a predisposition towards a concentration of effort, from which we may hope for the happiest results, with regard to the advancement of both the science and reputation of our country.

"Is it not, therefore, desirable to furnish some rallying point, some object sufficiently interesting to be nurtured by common efforts, and thus to become the basis of an enduring, common interest? To produce these efforts, and to excite this interest, nothing, perhaps, bids fairer than a SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL.

"No one, it is presumed, will doubt that a Journal devoted to science, and embracing a sphere sufficiently extensive to allure to its support the principal scientific men of our country, is greatly needed; if cordially supported, it will be successful, and if successful, it will be a great public benefit.

"Even a failure, in so good a cause, (unless it should arise from incapacity or unfaithfulness,) cannot be regarded as dishonorable. It may prove only that the attempt was _premature_, and that our country is not yet ripe for such an undertaking; for _without the efficient support of talent, knowledge_, and _money, it cannot long proceed_. No editor can hope to carry forward such a work without the active aid of scientific and practical men; but, at the same time, the public have a right to expect that he will not be sparing of his own labor, and that his work shall be generally marked by the impress of his own hand. To this extent the editor cheerfully acknowledges his obligations to the public; and it will be his endeavor faithfully to redeem his pledge.

"Most of the periodical works of our country have been short-lived. _This_, also, _may_ perish in its infancy; and if any degree of confidence is cherished that it will attain a maturer age, it is derived from the obvious and intrinsic importance of the undertaking; from its being built upon permanent and momentous national interests; from the evidence of a decided approbation of the design, on the part of gentlemen of the first eminence, obtained in the progress of an extensive correspondence; from assurances of support, in the way of contributions, from men of ability in many sections of the union; and from the existence of _such a crisis_ in the affairs of this country and of the world, as appears peculiarly auspicious to the success of every wise and good undertaking.

"As regards the subjects of the contemplated work, it is not in our power to do much in the department of the natural history of this country. Our Zoology has been more fully investigated than our mineralogy and botany; but neither department is in danger of being exhausted. The interesting travels of Lewis and Clark have recently brought to our knowledge several plants and animals before unknown. Foreign naturalists are frequently exploring our territory; and, for the most part, convey to Europe the fruits of their researches, while but a small part of our own productions is examined and described by Americans: certainly, this is little to our credit, and still less to our advantage. Honorable exceptions to the truth of this remark are furnished by the exertions of some gentlemen in our principal cities, and in various other parts of the Union.

"Our botany, it is true, has been extensively and successfully investigated; but this field is still _rich_, and rewards every new research with some interesting discovery. Our mineralogy, however, is a treasure but just opened. That both science and art may expect much advantage from this source, is sufficiently evinced by the success which has crowned the active efforts of a few ardent cultivators of this science: several new species have been added to it in this country; great numbers of American localities of minerals discovered, and interesting additions made to our materials, for the useful and ornamental arts.

"Mineralogy is most intimately connected with our arts, and especially with agriculture. Such are the disguises worn by many most useful mineral substances, that an unskilful observer is liable to pass a thing by, as worthless, which, if better informed, he would seize with avidity; and, still more frequently, a worthless substance, clothed perhaps in a brilliant and attractive exterior, excites hopes altogether delusive, and induces expense, without a possibility of remuneration. A diffusion of correct knowledge on this subject is the only adequate remedy for either evil.

"Our geology, also, presents a most interesting field of inquiry. A grand outline has recently been drawn by Mr. Maclure, with a masterly hand, and with a vast extent of personal observation and labor: but to fill up the detail, both observation and labor still more extensive are demanded; nor can the object be effected till more good geologists are formed, and distributed over our extensive territory.

"To account for the formation and changes of our globe, by excursions of the imagination, often splendid and imposing, but usually visionary, and almost always baseless, was, till within half a century, the business of geological speculations; but this research has now assumed a more sober character; the science of geology has been reared upon numerous and accurate observations of _facts_; and standing thus upon the basis of induction, it is entitled to a rank among those sciences which Lord Bacon's Philosophy has contributed to create.

"The outlines of American geology appear to be particularly grand, simple, and instructive; and a knowledge of the important facts, and general principles of this science, is of vast practical use, as regards the interests of agriculture, and the research for useful minerals. Geological and mineralogical descriptions, and maps of particular states and districts, are very much needed in the United States; and to excite a spirit to furnish them will form one leading object of the contemplated journal.

"The science of natural philosophy, with its powerful auxiliary mathematics, and the science of chemistry, the twin sister of natural philosophy, are of incalculable importance to this country. A volume would not suffice to trace their applications, and to enumerate the instances of their utility.

"As one which may be allowed to stand, _instar omnium_, we may mention the steam engine; that legitimate child of physical and chemical science--at once more powerful than the united force of the strongest and largest animals, and more manageable than the smallest and gentlest; raising from the bowels of the earth the massy treasures of its mines, drawing up rivers from their channels, and pouring them, in streams of life, into the bosom of cities; and, above all, propelling against the currents, the winds, and the waves, of the ocean, those stupendous vessels, which combine speed with certainty, and establish upon the bosom of the deep the luxuries and accommodations of the land.

"The successful execution of this magnificent design was first effected by Fulton and witnessed upon the waters of the Hudson, but is now imitated in almost every civilized country; and it remains to be seen whether steam will be applied in war.

"The mechanical inventions of this country are numerous; many of them are ingenious, and some are highly important. In no way can a knowledge of them be so readily and extensively diffused as in a scientific journal. To this object, therefore, a part of our labors (should there be a call for it) will be devoted, and every necessary aid will be given by plates and descriptions.

"Science and art mutually assist each other; the arts furnish facts and materials to science, and science illuminates the path of the arts.

"Geometry, and mathematics both pure and mixed, can never cease to be interesting and important to man, as long as the relations of quantity shall exist, as long as ships shall traverse the ocean, as long as man shall measure the surface or heights of the earth on which he lives, or calculate the distances and examine the relations of the planets and stars; and as long as the iron reign of war shall demand the discharge of projectiles, or the construction of complicated defenses.

"In a word, the whole circle of physical science is directly applicable to human wants, and constantly holds out a light to the practical arts; it thus polishes and benefits society, and every where demonstrates both supreme intelligence, and harmony and beneficence of design in the CREATOR."

Such was the pledge which, on entering upon our editorial labors in 1818, we gave to the public, and such were the views which we then entertained, regarding science and the arts as connected with the interests and honor of our country and of mankind. In the retrospect, we realize a sober but grateful feeling of satisfaction, in having, to the extent of our power, discharged these self-imposed obligations; this feeling is chastened also by a deep sense of gratitude, first, to God for life and power continued for so high a purpose; and next, to our noble band of contributors, whose labors are recorded in half a century of volumes, and in more than a quarter of a century of years. We need not conceal our conviction, that the views expressed in these "Introductory Remarks," have been fully sustained by our fellow laborers.

Should we appear to take higher ground than becomes us, we find our vindication in the fact, that we have heralded chiefly the doings and the fame of others. The work has indeed borne throughout "the impress" of editorial unity of design, and much that has flowed from one pen, and not a little from the pens of others, has been without a name. The materials for the pile, have however been selected and brought in, chiefly by other hands, and if the monument which has been reared should prove to be "_ære perennius_," the honor is not the sole property of the architect; those who have quarried, hewn and polished the granite and the marble, are fully entitled to the enduring record of their names already deeply cut into the massy blocks, which themselves have furnished.

If a retrospective survey of the labors of thirty years, on this occasion, has rekindled a degree of enthusiasm, it is the natural result of an examination of all our volumes, from the contents of which we have endeavored to make out a summary both of the laborers and their works.

We find that there have been about 600 contributors of original matter to the Journal, and we have the unexpected satisfaction of believing that probably five-sixths of them are still living; for we are not certain that more than fifty are among the dead; of perhaps fifty more we are without information, and if that additional number is to be enrolled among the "stelligeri," we have still 500 remaining. Among them are not a few of the veterans with whom we began our career, and several of these are still active contributors. Shall we then conclude that the peaceful pursuits of knowledge are favorable to long life? This we think is, _cæteris paribus_, certainly true: but in the present instance, another reason can be assigned for the large amount of survivorship. As the Journal has advanced and death has removed its scientific contributors, younger men and men still younger, have recruited the ranks, and volunteers have enlisted in numbers constantly increasing, so that the flower of the host are now in the morning and meridian of life.

We have been constantly advancing, like a traveller from the equinoctial towards the colder zones,--as we have increased our latitude, stars have set and new stars have risen, while a few planetary orbs visible in every zone, have continued to cheer us on our course.

The number of articles, almost exclusively original, contained in the Journal is about 1800, and the Index will show how many have been contributed by each individual; we have doubtless included in this number _some few_ articles republished from foreign Journals--but we think they are even more than counterbalanced by original communications without a name and by editorial articles, both of which have been generally omitted in the enumeration.

Of smaller articles and notices in the Miscellany, we have not made any enumeration, but they evidently are more numerous than the regular articles, and we presume that they may amount to at least 2500.

Of party, either in politics or religion, there is no trace in our work; of personalities there are none, except those that relate to priority of claims or other rights of individuals. Of these vindications the number is not great, and we could heartily have wished that there had been no occasion for any.

* * * * *

During twenty years from the inception of this Journal, the editor labored alone, although overtures for editorial coöperation had been made to him by gentlemen commanding his confidence and esteem, and who would personally have been very acceptable. It was, however, his opinion that the unity of purpose and action so essential to the success of such a work were best secured by _individuality_; but he made every effort, and not without success, to conciliate the good will and to secure the assistance of gentlemen eminent in particular departments of knowledge. On the title page of No. 1, Vol. xxxiv, published in July, 1838, a new name is introduced: the individual to whom it belongs having been for several years more or less concerned in the management of the Journal, and from his education, position, pursuits and taste, as well as from affinity, being almost identified with the editor, he seemed to be quite a natural ally, and his adoption into the editorship was scarcely a violation of individual unity. His assistance has proved to be very important:--his near relation to the senior editor prevents him from saying more, while justice does not permit him to say less.

It may be interesting to our readers to know something of the patronage of the Journal. It has never reached one thousand paying subscribers, and has rarely exceeded seven or eight hundred--for many years it fluctuated between six and seven hundred.

It has been far from paying a reasonable editorial compensation; often it has paid nothing, and at present it does little more than pay its bills. The number of engravings and the extra labor in printer's composition, cause it to be an expensive work, while its patronage is limited.

It has a large gratuitous distribution, both at home and abroad, and an extensive good-will exchange with works often having no particular bearing upon its peculiar objects. It has incurred a heavy extra expenditure in reprinting exhausted numbers, for the purpose of furnishing entire sets of the work. No application for an entire set has ever yet been disappointed, and complete sets of the volumes are to be found in many institutions and in the hands of many individuals, both in Europe and in the United States. Entire sets have often been presented gratuitously to our infant colleges and to scientific institutions and distinguished individuals in Europe. A few remain on hand, and it is our intention to furnish them as long as we can afford to republish, or can repurchase numbers that have run out.

* * * * *

The series of volumes must ever form a work of permanent interest on account of its exhibiting the progress of American science during the long period which it covers. Comparing 1817[C] with 1847, we mark on this subject a very gratifying change. The cultivators of science in the United States were then few--now they are numerous. Societies and associations of various names, for the cultivation of natural history, have been instituted in very many of our cities and towns, and several of them have been active and efficient in making original observations and forming collections. The American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, and the Academy of Natural Sciences also at Philadelphia, numbered distinguished names among their members, and had published valuable volumes of Transactions before our publication began. The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences had also published a single volume as early as 1813. Since that time the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Albany Institute, and the Maryland Academy of Sciences have stood prominent among associations of a like nature, and their memoirs now constitute an important item in our scientific history. Other associations for the departments of history and ethnography have also published memoirs; and we must not omit to mention the American Geological Society, and the Geological Society of Pennsylvania, which has issued one valuable volume.

Of scientific collections we may say, that in the Institution from which we date these remarks, going back only fourteen years from the issuing of our first number, the entire mineralogical and geological collection of the college was transported to Philadelphia in one small box, and there, for lack of information elsewhere, the specimens were named by the late Dr. Adam Seybert, then fresh from the celebrated school of Werner at Freiburg in Germany, perhaps the only man then in this country who could be regarded as a mineralogist scientifically trained. Now, mineralogy and geology are familiar to our legislators and our youth; and the institution which sent forth its little box of unknown mineral treasures, unfolds to its pupils and the world a magnificent collection not surpassed, if equalled, in the United States.

Boston, which at our earliest date presented only the limited collection of the Linnæan Society, now opens to the student a rich and beautiful museum of natural history; and Harvard University at Cambridge has a fine botanical garden under an able and zealous botanist--a well furnished and successful observatory, and a rich collection of minerals and fossils, including a skeleton of the Mastodon, which is rivalled only by the specimen of unexampled magnitude and perfection, in the private museum of Dr. John C. Warren in Boston.

Philadelphia may also boast of her cabinets of natural history, public and private: and one of the noblest collections of birds in the world,[D] bestowed on his country by Mr. Wilson of Delaware, has been, within a few months, added to the valuable collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences at that place.

When we began our Journal, not one of the States had been surveyed in relation to its geology and natural history; now those that have not been explored are few in number. State collections and a United States Museum hold forth many allurements to the young naturalist, as well as to the archæologist and the student of his own race. The late Exploring Expedition with the National Institute, has enriched the capital with treasures rarely equalled in any country, and the Smithsonian Institution recently organized at Washington, is about to begin its labors for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.

It must not be forgotten that the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists--composed of individuals assembled from widely separate portions of the Union--by the seven sessions which it has held, and by its rich volume of reports, has produced a concentration and harmony of effort which promise happy results, especially as, like the British Association, it visits different towns and cities in its annual progress.

Astronomy now lifts its exploring tubes from the observatories of many of our institutions. Even the Ohio, which within the memory of the oldest living men, rolled along its dark waters through interminable forests, or received the stains of blood from deadly Indian warfare, now beholds on one of its most beautiful hills, and near its splendid city, a permanent observatory with a noble telescope sweeping the heavens, by the hand of a zealous and gifted observer. At Washington also, under the powerful patronage of the general government, an excellent observatory has been established, and is furnished with superior instruments, under the direction of a vigilant and well instructed astronomer--seconded by able and zealous assistants.

Here also (in Yale College) successful observations have been made with good instruments, although no permanent building has been erected for an Observatory.

We only give single examples by way of illustration, for the history of the progress of science in the United States, and of institutions for its promotion, during the present generation, would demand a volume. It is enough for our purpose that science is understood and valued, and the right methods of prosecuting it are known, and the time is at hand when its moral and intellectual uses will be as obvious as its physical applications. Nor is it to be forgotten that we have awakened an European interest in our researches: general science has been illustrated by treasures of facts drawn from this country, and our discoveries are eagerly sought for and published abroad.

While with our co-workers[E] in many parts of our broad land, we rejoice in this auspicious change, we are far from arrogating it to ourselves. Multiplied labors of many hands have produced the great result. In the place which we have occupied, we have persevered despite of all discouragements, and may, with our numerous coadjutors, claim some share in the honors of the day. We do not say that our work might not have been better done--but we may declare with truth that we have done all in our power, and it is something to have excited many others to effort and to have chronicled their deeds in our annals. Let those that follow us labor with the like zeal and perseverance, and the good cause will continue to advance and prosper. It is the cause of truth--science is only embodied and systematized truth, and in the beautiful conception of our noble Agassiz--"_it tells the thoughts of God_."

* * * * *

Although we are writing a preface to our first series already closed, we may, without impropriety, say something of the Second Series now in successful progress. It began on the first of January, 1846; instead of being quarterly like the First Series, it appears once in two months--six times in a year, giving two volumes of 450 pages each. In this Series, the name of a third editor appears upon the title page, and the remarks which have been already made are, in their spirit and almost in the letter, applicable in the present instance. The _unity_ is still preserved, and both counsel and action--favored by juxta-position and constant intercourse--are almost as if one individual presided alone. It will be perceived, therefore, that we have not departed from the principle which has governed us from the beginning, and when our mantle shall fall, there are those at hand who may, if it be worth the effort, arrest it in its descent and wear it more worthily than we have done.

* * * * *

The portrait prefixed to this volume was engraved for a very different purpose and for others than the patrons of this Journal. It has been suggested by friends, whose judgment we are accustomed to respect, that it ought to find a place here, since it is regarded as an authentic, although, perhaps, a rather austere resemblance. In yielding to this suggestion, it may be sufficient to quote the sentiment of Cowper on a similar occasion, who remarked--"that after a man has, for many years, turned his mind _inside out_ before the world, it is only affectation to attempt to hide his face."

* * * * *

In tracing back the associations of many gone-by years, a host of thoughts rush in, and pensive remembrance of the dead who have labored with us casts deep shadows into the vista through which we view the past.

Anticipation of the hour of discharge, when our summons shall arrive, gives sobriety to thought and checks the confidence which health and continued power to act might naturally inspire, were we not reproved, almost every day, by the death of some coeval, co-worker, companion, friend or patron. This very hour is saddened by such an event,--but we will continue to labor on, and strive to be found at our post of duty, until there is nothing more for us to do; trusting our hopes for a future life in the hands of him who placed us in the midst of the splendid garniture of this lower world, and who has made not less ample provision for another and a better.

Yale College, April 19, 1847.

Explanations.

Names of authors and subjects are arranged together alphabetically.

References to species of animals described or noticed in the Journal, though to some extent distributed through the Index, are systematically catalogued under the word _Zoology_. The same plan is followed with _Botany_.

Obituary notices are collected together under _Obituary_.

The references under authors' names, when numerous, are sometimes alphabetized, or distributed according to subjects, but often follow the order of the volumes.

Works reviewed are mentioned under the names of their authors, and also under the word _Works_.

When an article is illustrated by figures or plates, the fact is noted by adding to the number of the page, the letter f.

A Supplement, is added, containing some omitted references.

The list of plates and wood cuts, is arranged according to volumes, and the page or article is mentioned which each illustrates. The numbers in this list indicate the proper order of succession in each volume, and not the numbers that may appear on the plates.

[Footnote A: Vol. xxv, p. 215. Obituary notice of Col. Gibbs.]

[Footnote B: Taken from Vol. i, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, pp. v, vi; also pp. 1 to 8, July, 1818.]

[Footnote C: The date of the incipient movements.]

[Footnote D: Late the _Rivoli_ collection of Paris.]

[Footnote E: Especially our ancient compeer, The Journal of the Franklin Institute at Philadelphia.]

Errata.

Page 14, col. 1, line 24 from bottom, for "Lea," read "Lee." " 22, " 2, " 22 " " for "368," read "367." " 23, " 2, " 12 " " dele "Barnes, D. W." " 75, " 1, " 15 from top, for "156," read "157." " 86, " 2, " 22 " " for "358," read "354." " 98, " 2, " 4 from bottom, for "xxxiii," read "xxxii." " 156, " 2, " 12 and 13 from bottom, dele the lines. " 185, " 1, " 16 from bottom, for "xxxiii," read "xxiii." " 185, " 1, " 21 " " for "271," read "371." " 212, " 1, " 12 from top, dele "x, 203; xi, 335," and insert the same in the 2d line from top.

Page 287, col. 2, line 21 from top, insert xliii, 390. " 287, " 2, " 3 from bottom, insert xxiv, 151.

[ Transcriber'S Note:

The above errata from the printed edition have been applied to this e-text, also see further transcriber notes at the end. ]

Index

_Abbot, J. H._, Description of some new electro-magnetic, and magneto-electric instruments and experiments, xl, 104.^f ----, theory of the pneumatic paradox, xxxix, 296^f; xl, 144.^f

Aberration of the fixed stars, _F. Struve_, xlvii, 91.

Absorption in animals, mechanism of, _F. Magendie_, iii, 288.

Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, history of, xlvii, 6. ---- ---- ----, notice of, viii, 399; xix, 88, 355; xxii, 183. ---- ---- ----, Journal of, when commenced, xix, 91. ---- ---- ----, notice of the Catalogue of the Library, xxxiii, 181. ---- ---- ----, _Dr. Burrough's_ collections, xix, 355. ---- ---- ----, _McClure's_ donation to, xxx, 187. ---- ---- ----, notice of Journal or Proceedings of, xx, 414; xxxix, 395; xlix, 183. ----, Maryland, of Science and Literature, xxx, 192, 395; xxxi, 395; xxxii, 204. ----, Delaware, of Natural Sciences, xxiv, 177. ----, St. Petersburgh, of Sciences, xx, 389; xxii, 203. ----, Stockholm, of Sciences, iv, 387.

Acarus, _Crosse's_, xxxii, 374^f; xxxv, 125^f; xlix, 227. ----, experiments of _W. H. Weekes_, xliii, 395. ----, the supposed microscopic fungus, xliii, 205.^f

Acetic acid, a new process for obtaining from alcohol, xxviii, 358. ---- ----, on crystallizable, _C. Despretz_, xxvii, 197.

Achromatic microscope, improvements in, _E. Thomas_, xx, 265.^f

Acid, acetic, new process for, from alcohol, xxviii, 358. ----, ----, on crystallizable, _C. Despretz_, xxvii, 197. ----, angelicic, xlvii, 196. ----, apocrenic, _Berzelius_, xxviii, 121. ----, argento-cyanic, xviii, 334. ----, aspartic, xvii, 173. ----, benzoic, xlix, 194. ----, of butter, volatile, _J. U. Lezch_, xlix, 202. ----, boracic, of Tuscany, ii, 349; xxviii, 143; xxxvii, 270. ----, ----, in the waters of Vulcano, ii, 349. ----, butyric, xlviii, 186. ----, carbonic, see _carbonic acid_. ----, chlorovinic, _A. A. Hayes_, xxii, 142. ----, chlorovinous, xxii, 142. ----, citric, from gooseberries, xvi, 385. ----, citricic, _S. Baup_, xxxiv, 206. ----, columbic, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvi, 166. ----, crenic, _J. Berzelius_, xxviii, 121. ----, cyanic, xvi, 258. ----, formic, see _formic acid_. ----, gallic, new process for, _E. N. Kent_, xlvi, 78. ----, hydriodic, preparation of, xvi, 383; xlvii, 192. ----, hydrobromic, xlvii, 192. ----, hydrochloric, experiments with reference to, _Macaire_ and _de la Rive_, xi, 393. ----, hydro-carbo-sulphuric, preparation of, vii, 187. ----, hydroxanthic, vii, 376. ----, iodic, xx, 185; xxviii, 136. ----, ----, combinations with vegetable alkalies, xix, 371. ----, kinic, detection of, _J. Stenhouse_, xlix, 391. ----, malic, _M. Liebig_, xxi, 156. ----, meconic, mode of obtaining, _R. Hare_, xii, 293. ----, metagallic, _M. Pelouze_, xxviii, 126. ----, muriatic, see _Muriatic_. ----, nitric, see _Nitric_. ----, opianic, xlvii, 196; xlix, 205. ----, opiano-sulphurous, xlix, 205. ----, oxalic, _Gay Lussac_, xxvii, 400. ----, phosphovinic, _M. Pelouze_, xxviii, 129. ----, prussic, see _Prussic_. ----, pyrocitric, vii, 187. ----, pyrogallic, _M. Pelouze_, xxviii, 126. ----, pyroligneous, ii, 340; v, 188; ix, 201; xiii, 175. ----, rosaic, in urine, xvii, 385. ----, saccharic, _M. Heintz_, xlviii, 193. ----, silicic, see _Silica_. ----, succinic, xlvii, 196. ----, sulphacetic, _M. Melsens_, xlviii, 193. ----, sulphuric, see _Sulphuric_. ----, sulphurous, see _Sulphurous_. ----, tartaric, manufacture at Glasgow, xli, 50. ----, of tomatos, xvii, 115. ----, uric, _Liebig_, xxxiv, 40.

Acids and salts, _R. Hare's_ views on, xxvii, 63, 67. ----, on the formation of, in vegetables, _M. Vauquelin_, xviii, 150.

Acoustic rainbow, xxi, 381.

Actinolite, in Canada, viii, 68. ----, glassy, from Concord, Penn., analysis of, _H. Seybert_, vi, 331. ----, in Connecticut, vi, 226; vii, 253; viii, 259. ----, in Maryland, xiv, 12. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 114; ii, 236; viii, 48, 235; ix, 54; x, 214. ----, in New Jersey, v, 246. ----, in New York, ix, 243, 250. ----, in North Carolina, v, 261. ----, in Pennsylvania, viii, 239; ix, 246; xiv, 9, 12, 13. ----, in Rhode Island, iv, 285; viii, 227; x, 10, 226. ----, in Vermont, iii, 76; iv, 54; v, 40, 271; xvii, 354.

_Adams, C. B._, mollusca of Middlebury, Vt., xl, 266. ----, new species of Thracia, xliii, 145.^f ----, note on the Pasithea sordida of Lea, xlii, 392.

_Adams, E._, divisibility of matter, xxviii, 163.

_Adams, J._, movement of rocks by ice, ix, 136. ----, theory of the construction of the thermometer, viii, 121.

_Adams, S._, observations and experiments on light, xlii, 123.

_Adams, W. A._, human footprints in rocks, and other artificial impressions, xliv, 200.

Adularia, in Connecticut, ii, 239, 240; vi, 221. ----, in Massachusetts, v, 41. ----, in New York, vii, 57.

Adulterations of various substances, on the detection of, _E. D. Faust_, xix, 70. ---- of alcohol, xix, 71. ---- of ammonia, xix, 72. ---- of arrow root, xix, 72. ---- of calomel, xix, 72. ---- of castor oil, xix, 77. ---- of chromate of lead, xix, 73. ---- of copaiva, xix, 73. ---- of iodide of potassium, xix, 74. ---- of lemon juice, xix, 75. ---- of morphine, xix, 75. ---- of oil of sweet almonds, xix, 76. ---- of oil of olives, xix, 76. ---- of peroxide of manganese, xix, 78. ---- of peruvian bark, xix, 81. ---- of phosphate of soda, xix, 82. ---- of prussic acid, xix, 70. ---- of soda, xix, 83. ---- of sulphate of magnesia, xix, 84. ---- of sulphate of quinine, xix, 84. ---- of tartrate of potash, xix, 85. ---- of tartar emetic, xix, 86. ---- of vinegar, xix, 86.

Aerial navigation, principles of, _H. Strait_, xxv, 15.^f

Aerolite, see _Meteorite_.

Aerostation, observations made during an ascent, _E. Robertson_, xii, 166, 325.

Africa, alum and other minerals in a cavern in Southern, xxviii, 290. ----, white race of Atlas in, xxxii, 400. ----, Journey in Northern, by _Ehrenberg_ and _Hemprich_, vii, 195. ----, Northern, geological notices of, iv, 32. ----, geology of desert between Suez and Cairo, xxxiii, 288. ----, geology of Cape of Good Hope, _G. Champion_, xxix, 230.

African Cold Bokkeveld meteorite, notice of, xl, 199. ---- dialects, _J. W. Gibbs_, xxxviii, 41; xxxix, 255.

_Afzelius_, obituary notice of, xxxiii, 211.

_Agardh's_ Systema Algarum, announced, ii, 363; iv, 200.

Agaric mineral in N. York, xxv, 347. ---- ----, in Vermont, iii, 234, 242.

_Agassiz_ on fossil fishes, notice of, xxviii, 193; xxxiv, 212; abstract of, xxx, 33. ----, on the freshwater fishes of Central Europe, xxxix, 390; xlv, 211. ----, on the echinodermata, noticed, xxxiv, 212; xxxvii, 369; xlii, 378; xlv, 399. ----, glaciers and bowlders in Switzerland, xli, 59, 190. ----, former existence of glaciers in Scotland, xli, 191. ----, glacial theory of, xlii, 346.^f ----, visit of, to Mantell's Museum, xxviii, 194. ----, Wollaston medal awarded to, xxx, 382. ----, notice of the several works of, xli, 194.

Agate, in Canada, viii, 64. ----, in Connecticut, i, 134; v, 44, 45; vi, 216. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 113, 115; v, 407; vi, 52. ----, in New Jersey, i, 236; ii, 197; v, 239. ----, in North Carolina, v, 261, 264. ----, in Rhode Island, ix, 46. ----, in the Western States, i, 132; iii, 71; vii, 49. ----, cause of red color of, xxxvi, 207. ----, coralline, in the West Indies, i, 141.

Agave plant, and cordage from its fibre, xxi, 32. ---- and other plants used for cordage, _J. Mease_ and _H. Perrine_, xxv, 330.

Agricultural chemistry, remarks on, xli, 262.

Agriculture, rotation of crops in, _M. Macaire_, xxiii, 138.

_Aikin, W. E. A._, notices of the country between Baltimore and the Ohio river, xxvi, 219.^f ----, apparent diminution of weight in some circumstances, xxvii, 224.

Air, on the color of, by _Count Xavier de Maistre_, xxvi, 65. ----, currents in, see _Winds_. ----, temperature of, see _Meteorology, Heat_ and _Temperature_.

Airpump, new, _J. H. Patten_, viii, 143.^f ----, remarks upon, with suggestions, _J. F. Dana_, viii, 275.^f ----, Patten's, remarks in reply to _J. F. Dana_, ix, 92. ----, new, _M. Thilorier_, xxiv, 379. ----, a new construction, _R. Hare_, xxxiii, 237.^f ----, improved, _J. Johnston_, xxxiv, 86.^f ---- receiver, improved, _J. Bell_, xxviii, 353.^f

_Akerly, S._, on the language of signs, viii, 348.

Alabaster (gypsum) of the Mammoth Cave, Ky., xlii, 206.^f

Alasmodonta and Unio, on the genera and species, _D. H. Barnes_, vi, 107^f, 258.^f ----, descriptions of some, xiv, 289; xxv, 341.^f ----, see farther under _Zoology, Mollusca_.

Albite, a distinct species from feldspar, vii, 390. ---- of Chesterfield, Massachusetts, analysis of, xxx, 381.

Albumen, precipitated by phosphoric acid, xvi, 396. ----, solubility of, _A. Wurtz_, xlviii, 184.

Alcohol, density in different states, xvi, 388. ----, on the colored flame of, xvi, 390. ----, observations on, by _A. Eaton_, xvi, 173. ----, detection of adulterated, xix, 71. ----, rectification of, ii, 358. ----, rectified without heat, x, 378. ----, proportion of, in wines and various fermented liquors, _L. C. Beck_, xxviii, 48. ----, combination with oil of turpentine, viii, 390. ----, action of, on alkalies, xl, 216. ----, action of chloride of lime on, xxiii, 134. ----, action of sulphuric acid on, xvi, 267. ---- mixed with water, changes in the volume of, xxiv, 373. ---- in bread, xxiii, 194. ---- not in bread, xxvi, 211.

Alcyonium, in green sand, Maryland, xvii, 288.

_Alden, T._, account of descents in a diving bell at Portsmouth, N. H., xxii, 325.

_Alder, J._, notice of, xxxvii, 168.

_Aldini_, on the preservation of firemen from the action of flame, by asbestus cloth and other means, xx, 96.^f

_Aldridge_, on vegetable impregnation, xli, 62.

Alembic for distilling amalgam of gold, _M. F. Maury_, xxxiii, 66.^f

_Alexander, J. H._, new form of barometer, xlv, 233.^f

Algebraic series, _J. Wallace_, vii, 278. ---- ----, remarks on, viii, 131. ---- ----, reply by _J. Wallace_, ix, 98. ---- ----, reply to _J. Wallace_, ix, 293. ---- solutions, by _C. Wilder_, xvi, 271.

_Alger, F._, Beaumontite and Lincolnite identical with Heulandite, xlvi, 233.^f ----, mineralogy of Nova Scotia, xii, 227; xiv, 305; xv, 132, 201. ----, minerals of New Holland, xxxix, 157.^f ----, zinc mines of Franklin, New Jersey, xlviii, 252. ----, mineralogy of, reviewed, xlvii, 333.

Alkalies, bases of, discovered, by _Davy_, xvii, 228.

Alkanet, a substitute for litmus or turmeric, _R. Hare_, v, 348.

_Allan, J._, on coins and medals, with a notice of the New Haven medal, xxxvii, 285.

Allanite, analysis of, xxviii, 394. ----, of Monroe, N. Y., analysis of, xlvi, 37. ----, in New York, xl, 76.

_Allen, J. A._, supposed traces of a volcano about West River Mountain, Vermont, iii, 73. ----, luminous appearances in the atmosphere, iv, 341.

_Allen, W._, on the curves of tri-section, iv, 343.

_Allen, Z._, volume of the Niagara river, xlvi, 67.^f

_Allinson, S. Jr._, on the atomic weight of mercury, xvi, 183.

Allomorphite, xlii, 386.

Allotropism of chlorine, _J. W. Draper_, xlix, 346.^f

Alloxan and Alloxantine, preparation of, _W. Gregory_, xli, 54.

Alloy of tin and antimony, action of, with nitric and muriatic acids, xlix, 206.

Alluvial district (tertiary and cretaceous) of New Jersey, vi, 237. ---- deposits at Malbay, L. C., v, 221. ---- ---- of the Mohawk, xxiii, 207.

Alluvium of the Connecticut valley, vi, 80, 83.

Alluvium of the valley of the Muskingum, xxix, 9.

Almonds, bitter, amygdaline in, xix, 384.

Aloes, medicinal effects, xxiv, 274.

Alpaca and Alpaca wool, remarks on, xli, 63.

Alphabet, proposed change in the English, xxxix, 197; xlvii, 420.

Alpnach, slide of, xxiv, 124.

Alps, notice of _Hugi's_ Travels in, with some account of the geology of, xxviii, 296. ----, Bernese, ascent of the high peak Fisteraarhorn, by _Hugi_, xxviii, 301. ----, atmospheric "cannonade" in, xxviii, 303. ----, notice of Forbes's travels in, and account of icebergs, xlvi, 172.

Alum, manufacture of, at Salem, Mass., vi, 372. ----, manufacture of, at Glasgow, xli, 49. ----, used for alabaster, xxx, 168. ---- method of coloring crystal of, vii, 194. ----, native, of a cavern in Southern Africa, xxviii, 290. ----, ----, in Connecticut, iii, 240; viii, 256; x, 12. ----, ----, in Massachusetts, i, 114; viii, 235. ----, ----, in New York, vi, 95; ix, 44; xv, 243. ----, ----, in Vermont, viii, 243. ----, in mica slate, xx, 418. ----, magnesian, or Pickeringite, analysis of, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvi, 360. ---- earth, and alum manufactory, Maryland, xxvii, 12.

Alumslate, iii, 28.

Alumstone, iii, 245.

Alumina, use of, with pigments for the pallet, xvi, 173.

Aluminium, obtained by _W. W. Mather_, xx, 408. ----, characters of, _F. Wöhler_, xlix, 390. ----, chloride of, _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 241, 248, 253.

Amalgam of gold, alembic for distilling, _M. F. Maury_, xxxiii, 66.^f

Amber, vegetable origin of, ii, 353. ----, origin of, xxviii, 293. ----, _Berendt_ on, xxxvii, 365. ----, from Ava, xxviii, 71. ----, from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, xvii, 292. ----, from Maryland, iii, 8. ----, from the island of New Providence, x, 171.

America, early discovery of, by the Scandinavians, xvii, 410.

Amethyst, in the Canadas, viii, 63. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 113. ----, in New Jersey, ii, 197. ----, in Nova Scotia, xxx, 348. ----, in Rhode Island, viii, 199, 229. ----, in the Western States, i, 132; vii, 48.

Amianthus, in Connecticut, vi, 225. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 343. ----, in New Jersey, v, 266. ----, in New York, i, 54; v, 29; ix, 40. ----, in Pennsylvania, viii, 239; x, 219; xiv, 9, 17. Ammelide, _M. Liebig_, xxix, 373.

Ammeline, _M. Liebig_, xxix, 373.

Ammonia, formation of, xiv, 387; xlvii, 193. ----, action of iron upon, xviii, 146. ----, action of, on butyric ether, xlviii, 191. ----, an antidote against poisons, xvi, 182. ----, in argillaceous minerals, xv, 182. ----, in the rust of iron, ix, 191. ----, in native oxide of iron, xxi, 155. ----, disengaged from growing plants, x, 190. ----, decomposition of salts of, at the ordinary temperature, _H. B. Jones_, xlix, 392. ----, bitungstate of, _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 264. ----, commercial carbonate of, _M. Scanlan_, xxxv, 297. ----, preparation of nitrate of, _R. Hare_, v, 346.

Ammonia and Magnesia, carbonate of, xlix, 200.

Ammonia and Zinc, carbonate of, xlix, 200.

Ammoniacal gas, inflammability of, vi, 185. ---- salts, solvent and oxidating powers of, _J. P. Emmet_, xviii, 255.

Ammonites in Canada, viii, 84. ----, see farther _Zoology--Mollusca_.

Amphide salts, on the existence of radicals of, _R. Hare_, xlv, 52, 247.

Amsterdam Canal, v, 181.

Amygdaline in bitter almonds, xix, 384.

Amygdaloid, origin of minerals of, xlix, 52. ----, of the Connecticut river valley, vi, 51. ----, of Salem, Mass., iii, 232. ---- and minerals of Nova Scotia, xiv, 314; xv, 132, 204.

Amygdaloidal minerals, origin of, _J. D. Dana_, xlix, 49.

Analcime, in Connecticut, vi, 224. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 114, 115. ----, in New Jersey, ii, 191, 197; xl, 69; xliv, 54. ----, in New York, xliv, 57. ----, in Nova Scotia, xxx, 349. ----, of Sicily, viii, 206.

Analysis of actinolite, _H. Seybert_, vi, 331. ---- albite of Chesterfield, xxx, 381. ---- Allanite, xxviii, 394. ---- ----, of Monroe, N. Y., _L. C. Beck_, xlvi, 37. ---- alum, of Milo, _C. U. Shepard_, xvi, 203. ---- anatase, xlvii, 215. ---- apophyllite from the Tyrol, and Greenland, vii, 370. ---- argentine, _C. Dewey_, vi, 333. ---- arragonite, _M. Stromeyer_, vii, 368. ---- arsenical iron (Danaite,) _A. A. Hayes_, xxiv, 386. ---- ashes of two pines, xxvi, 182. ---- basalt, iv, 230. ---- Beaumontite, _M. A. Delesse_, xlvii, 216. ---- ----, _C. T. Jackson_, xlvii, 337. ---- bile, xviii, 162. ---- bismuth, carbonate of, xviii, 391. ---- ----, cobalt ore, xiii, 187. ---- bog ore, N. Jersey, _H. Seybert_, viii, 298. ---- bones, xlvii, 131, 419; xlviii, 99, 186. ---- borate of lime, native, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvii, 215. ---- Brewsterite, xx, 198. ---- brine springs of New York, _G. Chilton_, vii, 345. ---- Brucite, see _Chondrodite_. ---- bronzite, _T. G. Clemson_, xxiv, 170. ---- cacoxenite, xviii, 391. ---- calcareous minerals, determination of carbonic acid in, _J. L. Smith_, xlv, 262.^f ---- calculi, _J. F. Dana_, iv, 149. ---- ----, urinary, xvii, 190. ---- calstronbarite, _C. U. Shepard_, xxxiv, 161. ---- Catlinite, _C. T. Jackson_, xxxv, 388; xxxvii, 393. ---- celestine, iv, 324; vii, 369. ---- chabazite, _C. Cramer_, xxx, 366. ---- chlorophyllite, xlvi, 377. ---- chromic iron, of Maryland, _H. Seybert_, iv, 321. ---- ---- ----, from Cuba, _R. C. Taylor_, xxxviii, 243. ---- chrysoberyl, of Haddam, _H. Seybert_, viii, 105. ---- cinnamon stone, of Ceylon, xiv, 204. ---- clinkstone, xix, 380. ---- coal, _W. R. Johnson_, xxxviii, 382; xxxix, 139; xlix, 166. ---- ---- of Maryland, _Ducatel_ and _Alexander_, xxvii, 31. ---- ---- of Virginia, xlii, 369. ---- ---- of Pennsylvania, _W. Meade_, xiii, 32. ---- cobalt and nickel ores of Chatham, _A. A. Hayes_, xxi, 195. ---- cobalt ores, _Wöhler_, xxxvi, 332. ---- colophonite, v, 113. ---- columbite, Rose, xlix, 228. ---- copper, native of New Jersey, _L. C. Beck_, xxxvi, 107. ---- ----, red oxyd, New Jersey, _L. C. Beck_, xxxvi, 107. ---- ----, bisilicate, _L. C. Beck_, xxxvi, 107. ---- ----, gray sulphuret, N. Jersey, xxxvi, 107. ---- coprolites, _S. L. Dana_, xlviii, 46. ---- couzeranite, xvii, 183. ---- cyanogen, _R. Hare_, xv, 271.^f ---- Danaite, _A. A. Hayes_, xxiv, 386. ---- Danburite, _C. U. Shepard_, xxxv, 137. ---- Davyne, xi, 255. ---- Deweylite, _C. U. Shepard_, xviii, 81. ---- ----, _T. Thomson_, xxxi, 173. ---- dioptase, _Damour_, xlvii, 216. ---- dolomite, iv, 17. ---- dreelite, xxx, 380. ---- Emmonite, _T. Thomson_, xxxi, 171. ---- eupyrchroite, _L. C. Beck_, xl, 77. ---- feldspar from Bytown, L. C., _T. Thomson_, xxxi, 173. ---- ----, containing titanium, xii, 187. ---- garnet, manganesian of Haddam, Ct., _H. Seybert_, vi, 155. ---- gaseous mixtures, _R. Hare_, xv, 279, 283. ---- gastric juice, by _Braconnot_, xxx, 378. ---- gigantolite, xlii, 387. ---- glaucolite, xv, 387. ---- Gmelinite, _A. Connell_, xxxv, 195. ---- gold of Georgia, _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 255. ---- ----, containing rhodium, from Mexico, xi, 298. ---- grains, cereal, _C. T. Jackson_, and _A. A. Hayes_, xlv, 339. ---- guano, _J. E. Teschemacher_, xlviii, 181. ---- ----, _Girardin_ and _Bidard_, xlviii, 181. ---- ----, _W. Francis_, xlviii, 182. ---- ----, _J. D. Smith_, xlviii, 183. ---- ----, xlix, 200, 391. ---- Haydenite, _B. Silliman, Jr._, xlvi, 380. ---- heavy Spar, _G. T. Bowen_, iv, 325. ---- heterosite, xix, 371. ---- Holmesite, _T. Thomson_, xxxi, 172. ---- hops, vi, 393. ---- Hudsonite, _L. C. Beck_, xlvi, 32. ---- Humboldtilite, xi, 251. ---- huraulite, xix, 371. ---- hydrate of magnesia, Hoboken, vii, 370. ---- hydraulic limestones, _L. C. Beck_; xlvi, 29. ---- hydroboracite, xxviii, 394. ---- hydromagnesite, of Hoboken, _M. Wachtmeister_, xviii, 167. ---- hydrous anthophyllite of N. York, _T. Thomson_, xix, 359. ---- hypersthene of N. York, _L. C. Beck_, xlvi, 35. ---- idocrase, _T. Richardson_, xxxviii, 120. ---- indigo, xviii, 241. ---- iolite, xlvi, 383. ---- iron, supposed native of Bedford Co. Pa., xiv, 183. ---- iron ore of Pennsylvania, _W. R. Johnson_, xxxviii, 383; xxxix, 142. ---- iron ore, bog, in New Jersey, _H. Seybert_, viii, 298. ---- iron, native phosphate, of Cornwall, vii, 369. ---- iron, titanic, of Baltimore, _T. G. Clemson_, xvii, 42. ---- isopyre, xv, 388. ---- kerolite, of Westchester, N. Y., _L. C. Beck_, xlvi, 34. ---- kyanite, _C. H. Rockwell_, xlvi, 383. ---- lampblack, xi, 387. ---- Latrobite, _Gmelin_, ix, 329. ---- lead, native carbonate, of Davidson Co., N. C., xli, 350. ---- ----, cupreous sulphato-carbonate of, iv, 29. ---- ---- ore, agentiferous of Lane's mine, Ct., _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 256. ---- Ledererite, _A. A. Hayes_, xxv, 80. ---- lepidolite, _Gmelin_, ix, 329. ---- Maclureite, _H. Seybert_, v, 336. ---- magnesian hydrate of silica, _P. T. Tyson_, xviii, 79. ---- ---- ibid, _C. U. Shepard_, xviii, 81. ---- magnesite, hard, of Baumgarten, vii, 368. ---- manganese ores, _M. Berthier_, vii, 366. ---- marl from Farmington, Ct., _E. Hitchcock_, xxxvi, 176. ---- ---- from New Jersey, xvii, 277. ---- ---- from Ashley river, S. Carolina, _J. L. Smith_, xlviii, 101. ---- marmolite, _T. Nuttall_, iv, 17, 19. ---- Masonite, _C. T. Jackson_, xl, 186; xlviii, 218. ---- melanite of Franklin furnace, N. _J., H. Seybert_, viii, 300. ---- Menardite, xii, 386. ---- meteoric iron of Canaan, Ct., _C. U. Shepard_, xii, 155. ---- ---- ---- from Claiborne, Alabama, _C. T. Jackson_, xxxiv, 332; xlviii, 145. ---- ---- ---- ibid, _A. A. Hayes_, xlviii, 147. ---- ---- ---- of Oswego, N. Y., _C. U. Shepard_, xl, 366. ---- ---- ---- from Guilford Co., N. Carolina, _C. U. Shepard_, xl, 369. ---- ---- ---- from Buncombe Co., N. Carolina, xxxvi, 81. ---- ---- ---- from Maryland, Feb. 1825, _G. Chilton_, x, 131. ---- ---- ---- from Virginia, _C. U. Shepard_, xvi, 191. ---- ---- ---- from Tennessee, of 1827, xvii, 326. ---- ---- ---- from Tennessee, _G. Troost_, xxxviii, 250. ---- ---- ---- from Tennessee, _C. U. Shepard_, xliii, 354. ---- ---- ---- from Texas, _C. U. Shepard_, xvi, 217. ---- meteorite of Juvenas, France, 1821, vi, 397. ---- ---- South African Cold Bokkeveld, xxxvii, 190. ---- ---- France, Chateau Renard, xlii, 403. ---- ---- of U. States, in Maine, August, 1823, ix, 400. ---- ---- ----, in Connecticut, Weston, i, 273. ---- mica yellow and lepidolite, xxxvii, 361. ---- microlite, _C. U. Shepard_, xxxii, 338; xliii, 119. ---- ----, _A. A. Hayes_, xliii, 33; xlvi, 158. ---- mineral waters, see Analysis of _waters_, below. ---- molybdena, _H. Seybert_, iv, 320. ---- mud, New Haven harbor, _B. Silliman, Jr._, xlviii, 337. ---- Murchisonite, xv, 386. ---- needle ore, xxviii, 395. ---- nephrite, _G. T. Bowen_, v, 346. ---- olefiant gas, _R. Hare_, xv, 270. ---- olivine, ix, 379; xiii, 184. ---- organic compounds, determination of nitrogen in, xlv, 267. ---- Oxahverite, xv, 387. ---- pennine, xlvii, 216. ---- Pickeringite, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvi, 360. ---- picropharmacolite, vii, 368. ---- platina of Russia, _J. Berzelius_, xviii, 162. ---- polymignite, xviii, 392. ---- pollen, _M. Prinsep_, xviii, 402. ---- pyrargillite, _M. Nordenskiöld_, xxvi, 387. ---- pyrochlore, xviii, 392. ---- ----, _M. Wöhler_, xliii, 35. ---- ----, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvi, 163. ---- pyromorphite, _C. Kersten_, xxii, 307. ---- pyrophyllite, xviii, 392. ---- pyroxene, Franklin Iron works, _H. Seybert_, v, 113; vii, 145. ---- Rensselaerite, xl, 77. ---- rhodium gold, of Mexico, xi, 298. ---- sea water, near Brighton, xxxviii, 12. ---- seleniuret of lead, xviii, 391. ---- ---- ---- and mercury, xviii, 391. ---- serpentine marble, Vt., _C. T. Jackson_, xxxviii, 198. ---- Seybertite, _T. G. Clemson_, xxiv, 171. ---- shells, _W. B. Rogers_, xxvi, 361. ---- Sillimanite, _G. T. Bowen_, viii, 113. ---- Sillimanite, xlvi, 382; xlviii, 219. ---- ----, _T. Thomson_, xlix, 396. ---- Sismondine, _M. Delesse_, xlvii, 217. ---- soda alum of Milo, _C. U. Shepard_, xvi, 203. ---- spathic iron, _T. G. Clemson_, xxiv, 170. ---- spodumene, Sweden, vii, 371. ---- steatitic pseudomorphs, _L. C. Beck_, xlvi, 35. ---- ---- ----, _C. Dewey_, vi, 333. ---- Steinheilite, iv, 377. ---- stellite of Bergen Hill, xliv, 54; xlvi, 35. ---- strontian, sulphate, _G. T. Bowen_, iv, 324. ---- tabular spar, _H. Seybert_, v, 113. ---- ---- ----, from the Bannat, vii, 370. ---- talc, from Chamouni, xlvii, 216. ---- titanic iron, from near Baltimore, _T. G. Clemson_, xvii, 42. ---- topaz, of Huntington, Ct., x, 352. ---- tourmaline, xiv, 384; xv, 389. ---- triphyline, xxviii, 394. ---- tungstate of lime, _G. T. Bowen_, v, 118. ---- upas, juice of, xxxix, 206. ---- uranite, _R. Phillips_, vii, 380. ---- Vulpinite, _M. Vauquelin_, vii, 368. ---- wacke, i, 296. ---- Warwickite, _C. U. Shepard_, xxxiv, 313; xxxvi, 85. ---- water of the Rio Vinagre, _M. Boussingault_, xxiv, 149. ---- ---- of spouting fountain of Naples, xxv, 195. ---- ---- of Black Sea, xx, 188. ---- ---- of Dead Sea, _B. Silliman, Jr._, xlviii, 10. ---- ---- of sea near Brighton, _G. Schweitzer_, xxxviii, 12. ---- ---- of Scott Spring, Va., _C. B. Hayden_, xliv, 409. ---- ---- of mineral spring near Albany, _W. Meade_, xiii, 145. ---- ---- ----, the Clinton, _G. Chilton_, xviii, 346. ---- ----, from the Azores, _C. T. Jackson_, xxxi, 94, 96. ---- ---- sulphur, of Virginia, _C. U. Shepard_, xxx, 100. ---- wines of Palestine, _E. Hitchcock_, xlvi, 249. ---- ----, _L. C. Beck_, xxviii, 42. ---- Wörthite, _M. Hess_, xxvi, 387. ---- xanthite, xviii, 359; xxvi, 388. ---- zinc, red oxide, _A. A. Hayes_, xlviii, 261.

Analysis of square numbers, _A. D. Wheeler_, xxv, 87.

Analytical geometry, _C. Wilder_, xx, 285.^f

Anamitic and Latin Dictionary of Taberd, xl, 43.

Anastatic printing, xlix, 401.

Anatase, analysis and crystals of, xlvii, 215.^f

Anauxite, analysis of, xlii, 386.

Ancram lead mine, notice of, _C. A. Lee_, viii, 247.

Ancramite, v, 235, 399. ----, shown to be of furnace origin and identical with cadmia, vi, 180.

Andalusite, crystal from Westford, Mass., xlvi, 381.^f ----, in Connecticut, vi, 176, 236. ----, in Massachusetts, x, 394; xlvi, 381.^f

Andes, general features of, xvii, 47. ----, winds at the summit of, xxviii, 310. ---- of Peru, character of, xviii, 182. ----, highest habitations in, xviii, 183. ----, height of the principal peaks of, xviii, 183. ----, Mexican, ascent of the summit of Popocatepetl, xxviii, 220.

_Andre_, Major, Notice of a sketch of, by himself, ix, 395.

Angelicic acid, xlvii, 196.

_Anglada's_ deductions respecting mineral springs, v, 187.

Animals, living, found in stones and wood, notice of a work on, xii, 395. ----, growth of vegetables on living, by _S. L. Mitchill_, xii, 21. ----, dead, means of employing, _M. Payen_, xxiv, 326. ---- produced by galvanism, see _Acarus_.

Animal fibrine, albumen and caseine, isomeric with vegetable fibrine, _Scheerer_, xliii, 402. ---- organs, action of barytes, strontian, chrome, &c. on, xiii, 178. ---- magnetism in France, v, 192. ---- ----, notice of a work on, by _Dupau_, xiii, 175.

Animalcules in snow, xviii, 56.

Animalcules, see _Infusoria_.

Animation suspended, iv, 393; xxxiii, 292.

Animation suspended by drowning, _L. W. Smith_, v, 125.

Annals of the New York Lyceum, see _Lyceum_.

Annelids in the slabs of Waterville, Maine, xli, 163.

Anniversary, centennary, of the American Philosophical Society, Proceedings of, xlv, 231.

Antarctic regions, discoveries in, by the U. S. Exploring Expedition, xl, 394. ---- seas, Expeditions to, xxxv, 306.

_Anthony, J. G._, Calymene Bucklandii, a new species of trilobite, xxxvi, 106.^f ----, fossil encrinite from near Cincinnati, xxxv, 359.^f

Anthophyllite in Canada, viii, 69. ---- in Connecticut, xvii, 144. ---- in Massachusetts, ix, 248.

Anthophyllum, xvii, 288; xviii, 249^f; xxix, 150.^f

Anthracite, see _Coal_.

Antigua, petrified wood of, i, 56.

Antimony, test for minute quantities of, xliv, 13. ----, a mode of separating from lead, brass, &c., xv, 188. ----, separation of, from tin, _Gay Lussac_, xxvii, 197. ----, gray, locality of, in Lyme, N. H., xlix, 228. ----, ----, ibid, in Connecticut, xii, 156. ---- and lead, sulphuret, xxx, 177.

Antimonial nickel, a new mineral species, xxviii, 395.

Antiparos, description of the grotto of, xvi, 335.

Antiquarian Society, American, notice of, xviii, 136. ---- ----, ----, transactions of, iii, 357.

Antiquaries, Northern, circular of, xl, 212. ----, ----, notice of, xl, 403; xlii, 214.

Antiquities, North American, xxxiv, 47.

Antiquities, North American, notice of a work on, xxxi, 408. ----, Celtic, of America, by _J. Finch_, vii, 149.

Antiquities, Peruvian, xvii, 116.^f

Ants, habits of, xiii, 177.

Apalachian Chain, see _Appalachian_.

Apatite, in Canada, viii, 71. ----, in Connecticut, xii, 161. ----, in Delaware, xiv, 11. ----, in Maryland, v, 256. ----, in Massachusetts, vii, 254; viii, 36; xii, 260. ----, in New Jersey, v. 244. ----, in New York, i, 236; v, 28; ix, 244, 402; xxi, 328, 330; xxiii, 403; xlvi, 34, 366.^f ----, in Pennsylvania, ix, 45, 246; x, 222; xiv, 6, 8, 13, 14. ----, in Rhode Island, xl, 185. ----, account of, from St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., xlvi, 34. ----, distorted or rounded crystals, xiv, 143; xlvi, 366.^f

Apocrenic acid, _Berzelius_, xxviii, 121.

Apophyllite from Tyrol and Greenland, analysis of, vii, 370. ----, of New Jersey and New York, _L. C. Beck_, xliv, 56. ----, localities of, in Connecticut, vi, 225. ----, ----, in New Jersey, xl, 69; xliv, 54. ----, ----, in New York, xliv, 56. ----, ----, in Nova Scotia, xxx, 345, 348.

Appalachian chain, physical structure of, _H. D._ and _W. B. Rogers_, xliii, 177; xliv, 359. ---- ----, in Maryland, notices and geological sections, _W. E. A. Aikin_, xxvi, 219.^f

Apparatus, chemical, for the combustion of metals in chlorine, _R. Hare_, xiv, 354.^f ----, ----, for procuring nitrogen, _R. Hare_, xiv, 356,^f xxviii, 263.^f ----, ----, for experimenting with carbonic acid gas, _R. Hare_, xiv, 358.^f ----, ----, substitute for Woulfe's bottles, _R. Hare_, i, 410^f; xiii, 1.^f ----, ----, for regulating the supply of gas by its absorption, _R. Hare_, xiii, 2.^f ----, ----, cold by the palm glass, _R. Hare_, xiii, 4.^f ----, ----, for showing the effect of a relaxation of pressure on capacity for heat, _R. Hare_, xiii, 5.^f ----, ----, for illustrating capacities for heat, _R. Hare_, xiii, 6.^f ---- for separating carbonic oxide from carbonic acid, _R. Hare_, xxiv, 252.^f ---- for producing ebullition by cold, _R. Hare_, xxxiii, 218.^f ---- for deflagrating carburets, phosphurets, &c., in vacuo, xl, 303.^f ---- for freezing water by means of sulphuric acid, _R. Hare_, xxvii, 132.^f ---- for obtaining specific gravity of gases, _R. Hare_, xvi, 293, 295.^f ---- for transferring or decanting liquids, _R. Hare_, xxvi, 358.^f ---- for the evolution of prussic acid, _R. Hare_, xxix, 244.^f ---- for evolving silicon from fluo-silicic acid, _R. Hare_, xxiv, 247.^f ---- for decomposition and recomposition of water, xxxviii, 336.^f ---- galvano-ignition, xxvi, 352^f; xxxii, 282. ---- for solidifying carbonic acid, _J. Johnston_, xxxviii, 297^f; xlii, 203. ---- for illustrating absorption of heat, _A. D. Bache_, xxviii, 320.^f ----, hydrogen gas, vii, 392. ---- ---- self-regulating reservoir, _R. Hare_, xi, 140.^f ---- for experiments on inflection and interference of light and caustics, _E. S. Snell_, xlix, 24,^f 26.^f ---- for illustrating waves, _E. S. Snell_, xlix, 20.^f ---- volumeter, _R. Hare_, xii, 36.^f ---- volumescope, _R. Hare_, xv, 275^f; xxviii, 264.^f ----, electrical, see _Electric_. ----, electro-magnetic, see _Electro-magnetic_. ----, eudiometric, see _Eudiometry_.

Apprentices, manufactory of, iv, 379.

Aqueducts, on the Roman, _M. Genieys_, xix, 389.

Arabia, notice of a memoir on the province of Omán in, xxxii, 383.

Arabic words in English, _J. W. Gibbs_, xxxiii, 324.

Ararat, Mount, extinct volcano near, xxxvii, 349.

Araucanian races, remarks on, _S. G. Morton_, xxxviii, 341.^f

Arch, some properties of a rampant, _T. Gorton_, xxvii, 303.^f

Arches, method of describing curves for, _J. Thomson_, xxiv, 73.^f ----, on tracing oval, _E. Miller_, xxii, 303.^f

Archæologia Americana, iii, 357.

Archimedes, on the spiral of, by _A. B. Quinby_, ix, 316.^f

Archimedes, a fossil coral, _D. D. Owen_, xliii, 19.^f

Architecture, notes on, xxiv, 257.^f ----, in the United States, xvii, 99, 249^f; xviii, 11, 212. ----, Grecian style, the propriety of its application to modern uses, xviii, 218. ----, Gothic style, notice of, xviii, 220.

Architectural improvements, _E. Lord_, xxv, 304. ---- monuments, xviii, 229.

Arctic regions, sketch of geology of, xvii, 1.

Argentine, notice of, _C. Dewey_, vii, 248. ----, analysis of, _C. Dewey_, vi, 333. ----, locality of, in Massachusetts, viii, 34.

Argento-cyanate of silver, for fulminating silver, xviii, 335.

Argento-cyanic acid, xviii, 334.

Argillaceous slate, in western Massachusetts, viii, 18, 21, 29.

Argillite, of the Connecticut valley, account of, vi, 35.

Aristotle, notice of, _C. Fox_, xxxvi, 217.

Armature, see _Electro-magnet_, and _Magnet_.

Arragonite, analysis of, _M. Stromeyer_, vii, 368. ----, in Canada, viii, 70. ----, in New York, xxi, 326; xxviii, 172.^f ----, of New Jersey, _J. Finch_, xviii, 197.

Arragonite and calc spar, _Becquerel_, xxiii, 387.

Arsenic, on the detection of, _L. Feuchtwanger_, xix, 339.^f ----, application of Riench's test, _D. P. Gardner_, xliv, 240. ----, on the detection of, _J. L. Smith_, xl, 278; xlii, 75.^f ----, tests for, iii, 354; iv, 155; xliv, 213. ----, on the iodide of potassium a test for, _J. P. Emmet_, xviii, 58. ----, tobacco a remedy for, xxxi, 188. ----, oxide of iron an antidote for, xxviii, 135. ----, effect of, on vegetation, _Daubeny_, xxxi, 346.

Arsenical iron, in N. York, xxi, 326. ---- ----, (Danaite) in N. Hampshire, analysis of, _A. A. Hayes_, xxiv, 386. ---- ---- ----, identical with mispickel, xlvi, 384.^f

Arsenious acid and sulphuric, a new compound of, xli, 47.

Artesian wells, see _Wells_.

Artificial minerals, _A. Crosse_, xxxi, 374. ---- diamond, pretended, xvi, 394. ---- feldspar, xxviii, 396. ---- sulphate of lime with half an atom of water, _J. F. W. Johnston_, xxxv, 300. ---- minerals, produced by heat, x, 190. ---- oxyd of iron, about furnaces, xxxvi, 237. ---- mineral waters, _S. Morey_, iii, 94.

Asbestus, in Connecticut, i, 354. ----, in Maryland, xviii, 80. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 114; viii, 47. ----, in New Hampshire, vi, 245. ----, in N. York, i, 237; ix, 40, 252. ----, in Pennsylvania, x, 221. ----, in Vermont, v, 40; vi, 249. ----, in anthracite, i, 243, 244. ----, covering for firemen, xviii, 177; xx, 96.^f

Asclepias, on the fibre of, xxviii, 380.

Ashes, shower of, at Vesuvius, iii, 374. ----, volcanic, at sea, west of the Philippines, _P. Parker_, xl, 198. ----, of two pines, composition of, xxvi, 182. ----, spontaneous combustion in, _O. P. Hubbard_, xlii, 166. ----, combustibility of, _J. T. Plummer_, xlii, 167; xliii, 80. ----, various properties of, _J. T. Plummer_, xliii, 85.

Asia, geology of the Deccan, xxxiii, 274. ----, Caucasus range and Persia, geology of, mines, salt, naphtha springs, &c. of, xxxvii, 348. ----, Catacecaumene, xxxiii, 95; xxxviii, 207. ----, shores of Black sea, xxxii, 399. ----, volcanoes of the continent and islands, in a review of _Daubeny_, xiii, 290.

Asparagin, xx, 187.

Aspartic acid, xvii, 173.

Asparagus, aspartic acid from, xvii, 173.

Asphaltic mastic, xxxiv, 383.

Assafetida, sulphur in, xv, 185.

Association, British, for the promotion of science, plan of, xxi, 373. ----, ----, notice of the meeting in 1832, xxiii, 179; 1833, xxv, 411; 1834, xxviii, 55; 1835, xxix, 347; 1836, xxxi, 332; 1837, xxxiii, 265; xxxiv, 1; 1838, xxxv, 275; 1839, xxxviii, 93; 1840, xl, 308; 1841, xli, 391; xlii, 147; 1842, xliii, 367; xliv, 158, 351; 1843, xlvi, 388; xlvii, 182. ----, ----, notice of Prof. _Whewell's_ address at 11th meeting, xli, 391. ----, ----, invitation from, to American men of science, xxxviii, 406. ----, scientific, or a Congress of Savans at Berlin, 1828, xvi, 386. ----, ----, in Germany, in 1830, xx, 175. ---- of American geologists in 1840, xxxix, 189; in 1841, xli, 158; 1842, xliii, 146; 1843, xlv, 135, 310; 1844, xlvii, 94; 1845, xlix, 219. ---- ---- ----, address before, by _E. Hitchcock_, xli, 232. ---- ---- ----, ibid, by _B. Silliman_, xliii, 217. ---- ---- ----, address before, by _H. D. Rogers_, xlvii, 137, 247. ---- ---- ----, constitution and by-laws of, xliii, 149. ---- ---- ----, publication of transactions of, xlv, 220.

Asteroid, see _Shooting star_.

Astronomy, state of, among the Zabians, _J. W. Draper_, xxviii, 203. ----, on the resistance in space to motion of heavenly bodies, xvii, 389. ----, ibid., _R. W. Haskins_, xxxiii, 1. ----, idea of ether in space, when introduced, xxxiii, 1. ----, theory of _Descartes_, xxxiii, 3.

Astronomical clock, Prof. _Bessel_, xliv, 160. ---- ----, on the stopping of, by _W. Howard_, viii, 277. ---- machine, for representing the motions of the earth and moon, _E. C. Leedom_, xlii, 338.^f ---- observatory, to be erected at Abo in Finland, iv, 386. ---- observations on Saturn, Jupiter and his satellites, by Prof. _Struve_, xiii, 172. ---- ---- at the Cape of Good Hope, _Herschel's_, xxxv, 283. ---- ---- and observatory, at Rome, _P. F. de Vico_, xliv, 373. ---- ---- at the observatory of Pulkova, xlvii, 88.

Atlantic steam navigation, _J. Smith_, xxxv, 160. ---- coast, gales of, see under _Winds_.

Atlas, white race of, xxxii, 400.

_Atlee, W. L._, on certain cavities in quartz, xxxv, 139.^f

Atmometer, a new, vi, 382.

Atmosphere, analysis of, _M. Brunner_, xxiii, 280.^f ----, composition of, xvii, 382. ----, on the carbonic acid of, from a memoir by _Saussure_, xvi, 214. ----, quantity of carbonic acid in, xx, 183. ----, carbonic acid in, _W. H. Watson_, xxviii, 71. ----, pressure of, v, 174; xxiv, 174. ----, compression of, in a mine of Bovey coal, xvii, 38. ----, annual movement in, xlii, 158. ----, extent of, _W. C. Redfield_, xxv, 123. ----, height of, at the equator, _J. P. Espy_, xxxix, 120. ----, general view of, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxiii, 50; average velocity of wind near the surface of the ocean, 52; temperature of elevation, 52. ----, effect of the rarefaction of, on its desiccation and refrigeration, xl, 44; formation of clouds a consequence of, 44. ----, luminous appearance in, iv, 341. ----, Prof. _Lloyd_ on the clearness of, at times, xxxiv, 7. ----, deductions with regard to the moon's influence on, xv, 174. ----, mercurial, iii, 386. ----, temperature of, see _Meteorology_ and _Temperature_. ----, during the coal period, _H. D. Rogers_, xlvii, 105. ----, of the planets, remarks on, xxv, 183.

Atmospheric air, on the dilatation of, _V. Regnault_, xliv, 63. ---- pressure, see _Barometer_. ---- tides, ix, 195. ---- dust, by _C. S. Rafinesque_, i, 397. ---- ----, reply to _C. S. Rafinesque_, ii, 134. ---- currents, see _winds_.

Atomic weights of bodies, _Dr. Thomson_ engaged in determining, iii, 396. ---- ----, _Turner's_ opinions respecting, xxviii, 70. ---- ----, observations on, Prout's hypothesis of, _J. J. Berzelius_, xlviii, 369. ---- ----, not multiples of that of hydrogen, xlvii, 187. ---- ---- of lead, sulphur, nitrogen and carbon, _Clark_, xxxviii, 119. ---- ---- of hydrogen, chlorine, potassium, calcium, glucinum, silver, uranium, cerium and lanthanum, xlvii, 188. ---- ---- of elements, _Marchand_ and _Erdmann_, --oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, chlorine, silver, lead, xliv, 215; of copper, mercury and sulphur, xlviii, 402. ---- theory, account of, by _J. Finch_, xiv, 24.

Atom, idea of, _J. D. Whelpley_, xlviii, 352. ----, _R. Hare_, on the views of Faraday, xlviii, 247. ----, nature of the crystalline, _J. D. Dana_, xxx, 275.^f

Attraction in liquids, inquiries into the principles of, xvii, 86.^f ----, chemical, modified by quantity of matter, _E. Mitchell_, xvi, 234. ----, magnetic, see _Magnetic_.

_Atwater, C._, prairies and barrens of the west, i, 116. ----, geology, mineralogy, botany, &c. of Belmont Co., Ohio, i, 226. ----, prevailing winds of Ohio and the west, i, 276. ----, on the geology, climate and diseases, &c. of Ohio, xi, 224.

_Audubon_, work on the birds of N. America, xvi, 353. ----, ---- ----, notice of, xlii, 130.

Augite, of Willsboro, New York, analysis of, _H. Seybert_, v, 113. ----, analysis of, _H. Seybert_, vii, 145. ----, in Connecticut, ii, 238; vi, 225; viii, 258; xii, 169. ----, in Maryland, xviii, 79. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 436; vii, 52; viii, 47; ix, 43; xii, 157. ----, in New Jersey, v, 243, 246; vi, 250. ----, in New York, viii, 88; ix, 244, 250; xix, 224; xxv, 347. ----, in Pennsylvania, viii, 239; xiv, 13, 17.

_Augur, H._, an American sculptor, notice of, ix, 173.

Aurora Australis, Pacific, S. lat., 58°, seen by _Capt. Cook_, Feb., 1773, xviii, 75.

Aurora Borealis, seen in Brit. America, _Capt. Parry_, xiv, 96; xvi, 148. ---- ---- ----, _Capt. Franklin_, 1820, xxxiv, 289. ---- ---- ----, Sept., 1827, xiv, 105.^f ---- ---- in Canada, Kingston, and elsewhere, _R. H. Bonnycastle_, Dec. 11, 1835, xxx, 131.^f ---- ---- ---- at Toronto, May 8, 1836, _R. H. Bonnycastle_, xxxii, 393.^f ---- ---- ---- at Toronto, May, 1840, xl, 337. ---- ---- in Denmark, Sept. 1827, xiv, 107. ---- ---- in Faroe and Shetland, viii, 392. ---- ---- in France, Sept., 1827, xiv, 107. ---- ---- ----, Aug., 1827, xv, 199. ---- ---- ----, Feb. 18, 1837, xxxii, 396. ---- ---- ----, Jan. 7, 1831, xx, 396. ---- ---- ----, April 1837, xxxiv, 285. ---- ---- ----, Oct., 1836, xxxiv, 288. ---- ---- ----, Aug. 19, 1726, xxix, 388. ---- ---- in Great Britain, in 1814, 1816 and 1819, xiv, 96. ---- ---- ----, Aug., 1827, xiv, 95. ---- ---- ----, Gosport, Sept., 1827, xiv, 108. ---- ---- ----, Feb. 18, 1837, London, xxxii, 396. ---- ---- ----, Nov. 1837, xxxiv, 283. ---- ---- ----, from Huxham's Auroral Register, 1728-1748, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxiii, 297. ---- ---- ----, May, June, July, Aug., 1837, Prof. _Christie_, xxxiii, 300. ---- ---- ----, September 1839, xxxviii, 264. ---- ---- ----, May, 1840, xl, 338. ---- ---- in Prussia, _M. Feld_, February, 1835, xxxiv, 285. ---- ---- Oswer Zornea, December, 1736, _J. Bowdoin_, xviii, 74. ---- ---- in the U. States, 1741-1757, _J. Winthrop_, xl, 204, 205, 206. ---- ---- ----, November, 1789, Hingham, Mass., _H. Ware_, xxxiv, 204. ---- ---- ----, Aug., 1827, _B. D. Silliman_, xiv, 91. ---- ---- ----, ibid, _L. D. Gale_, xv, 199. ---- ---- ----, March, 1781, xiv, 96. ---- ---- ----, Sept., 1827, _J. Bowdoin_, xviii, 72. ---- ---- ----, 1827-1833, at Wilmington, Delaware, _H. Gibbons_, xxxiii, 299. ---- ---- ----, Sept., 1829, _L. Feuchtwanger_, xviii, 393. ---- ---- ----, July, 1830, _M. Field_, (Fayetteville, Vt.,) xx, 262. ---- ---- ----, March, 1831, _M. Field_, (Fayetteville, Vt.,) xx, 263.^f ---- ---- ----, April, 1831, Albany, _J. Henry_, xxii, 143. ---- ---- ----, May and July, 1833, _A. D. Bache_, xxvii, 113.^f ---- ---- ----, 1832-1834, N. Jersey, _J. F. Jenkins_, xxvi, 395, 396. ---- ---- ----, Nov., 1835, _D. Olmsted_, xxix, 388. ---- ---- ----, ibid, _A. C. Twining_, xxxii, 227. ---- ---- ----, April, 1836, Emmetsburg, Va., _J. McCaffrey_, xxxi, 85. ---- ---- ----, July, 1837, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxiii, 144. ---- ---- ----, ibid, Rochester, N. Y., _C. Dewey_, xxxiii, 143. ---- ---- ----, Jan., 1837, _D. Olmsted_, xxxii, 176. ---- ---- ----, Nov., 1837, _D. Olmsted_, xxxiii, 393. ---- ---- ----, ibid, _F. A. P. Barnard_, xxxiv, 267. ---- ---- ----, July and August, 1837, Burlington, Vt., _J. Dean_, xxxiii, 212. ---- ---- ----, Feb., 1837, New Haven, xxxii, 396. ---- ---- ----, September, 1839, xxxvii, 375. ---- ---- ----, ibid, Rochester, _C. Dewey_, xxxviii, 146. ---- ---- ----, ibid, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxviii, 260. ---- ---- ----, ibid, Middlebury, Vermont, _A. C. Twining_, xxxviii, 376. ---- ---- ----, ibid, Princeton, N. J., _Prof. Alexander_, xxxix, 364. ---- ---- ----, May, 1840, _A. D. Bache_, xl, 48. ---- ---- ----, Nov., 1841, Marietta, Ohio, _S. P. Hildreth_, xlii, 346. ---- ---- ----, April, 1842, _E. C. Herrick_, xliii, 213. ---- ---- ----, May and Aug., 1844, New Haven, _E. C. Herrick_, xlviii, 319. ---- ---- in summer, Aug., 1827, xiv, 91; xv, 199. ---- ---- ----, Prof. Christie on, xxxiii, 300. ---- ---- ----, _E. C. Herrick's_ citations from Huxham's Auroral Register, xxxiii, 297. ---- ---- ----, ibid, from H. Gibbons's register, 1827-1833, xxxiii, 299. ---- ---- ----, from J. Winthrop's register, June, 1746, xl, 206. ---- ---- ----, Aug. 19, 1726, xxix, 388. ---- ---- ----, May, 1840, xl, 48, 338. ---- ---- ----, July, 1830, _M. Field_, xx, 262. ---- ---- ----, July, 1837, xxxiii, 143, 144, 212. ---- ---- ----, August, 1844, _E. C. Herrick_, xlviii, 319. ---- ---- corona, position of, in several auroras, _A. C. Twining_, xxxii, 227. ---- ---- ----, ----, _Prof. Alexander_, September, 1839, xxxix, 364. ---- ---- ----, ----, _D. Olmsted_, Jan., 1837, xxxii, 177. ---- ---- ----, ----, ibid, Nov., 1835, xxix, 389. ---- ---- ----, ----, _E. C. Herrick_, Sept., 1839, xxxviii, 260. ---- ---- ----, ----, _C. Dewey_, Sept., 1839, xxxviii, 147. ---- ----, needle agitated by, _M. Arago_, xiv, 107; xxxiv, 286. ---- ----, ---- ----, remarks on, xix, 246. ---- ----, ---- ----, Aug., 1827, _L. D. Gale_, xv, 199. ---- ----, ---- ----, Apr., 1831, _J. Henry_, xxii, 143. ---- ----, ---- ----, May and July, 1833, _A. D. Bache_, xxvii, 113. ---- ----, ---- ----, Feb., 1835, _M. Gauss_, xxxiv, 285. ---- ----, ---- ----, Nov., 1835, xxix, 390. ---- ----, ---- ----, April, 1836, _J. McCaffrey_, xxxi, 85. ---- ----, ---- ----, Jan., 1837, xxxii, 179. ---- ----, ---- ----, July, 1837, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxiii, 146. ---- ----, ---- ----, Nov., 1837, _A. B. Haile_, xxxiv, 270. ---- ----, ---- ----, Sept., 1839, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxviii, 261. ---- ----, ---- ----, May, 1840, Canada, xl, 337. ---- ----, wide extent of some, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxiii, 300. ---- ----, remarks on the number in Europe, xxviii, 58. ---- ----, remarks on the nature of, by the Ex-King of Sweden, v, 178. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _Thienemann_, x, 187. ---- ----, ----, ibid, xiv, 97; xvi, 290; xix, 235. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _Hansteen's_ views, xiv, 109. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _Ideler's_ views, xxviii, 289. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _J. Ross_, xxix, 348. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _B. F. Joslin_, attributing it to crystallized vapor, xxx, 390; xxxv, 145. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _F. A. P. Barnard_, xxxiv, 284. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _D. Olmsted_, xxxii, 180. ---- ----, ----, _Mr. Rowall's_ theory of, xli, 41. ---- ----, height of, _M. Mairan_, xxxiv, 288. ---- ----, ----, _M. Farquharson_, xxxiv, 288. ---- ----, ----, _D. Olmsted_, xxxiv, 286. ---- ----, ----, _M. Wartmann_, xxxiv, 288. ---- ----, ----, _M. Dalton_, xxxiv, 288. ---- ----, ----, _Dr. Richardson_ of Capt. Franklin's Expedition, xxxiv, 289. ---- ----, noises of, an illusion, _Capt. Scoresby_, xxviii, 58. ---- ----, ----, ibid, _D. Olmsted_, xxxiv, 289. ---- ----, periodical, _D. Olmsted_, xxxii, 177. ---- ----, no polarization by light of, _J. Henry_, xxxix, 366. ---- ----, work by _Mairan_, alluded to, xxix, 388; xxxii, 177.

Auroral cloud of Dec., 1835, _A. C. Twining_, height and position of, xxxii, 217.

Auroral arch of Aug., 1836, _A. C. Twining_, height and position of, xxxii, 220. ---- ---- of May, 1836, height of, _A. C. Twining_, xxxii, 224. ---- ----, in Vermont, Sept., 1838, _J. Dean_, xxxv, 380. ---- belt of May, 1840, _E. C. Herrick_, xxxix, 194, 383.

Aurum Millium, a new metal, ii, 363.

Auscultation, iii, 375.

Australia, minerals of, _F. Alger_, xxxix, 157.^f

Australian Boomerang, or Kilee notice of, xxxvi, 164.^f

Autumnal coloration of leaves, _Macaire Prinsep's_ view of, xvi, 215.

Automolite, locality in Connecticut, xii, 156. ----, ---- New Jersey, v, 402.

Aventurine feldspar, _M. Scheerer_, xlix, 394.

_Avogadro_, elastic force of the vapor of mercury, xxiv, 286.

Axinite in Canada, viii, 62.

Azote, see Nitrogen.

B.

_Babbage, C._, on the decline of science in England, xx, 164. ----, fees of admission to learned societies of Britain, xx, 165. ----, list of men of science who have held offices under governments, xx, 172. ----, number of members of some societies, xx, 173. ----, calculating machine and constants of, xxviii, 64. ----, analytical engine of, xlvi, 205.

Babel, tower of, xxxvii, 352.

_Bache, A. D._, safety apparatus for steamboats, xx, 317.^f ----, disturbance of the needle during the aurora borealis, xxvii, 113.^f ----, on the meteors of Nov. 13, 1833 and 1834, xxix, 383. ----, influence of color on radiation, xxx, 16. ----, radiation and absorption of heat, specific heat, and apparatus for illustrating, xxviii, 320.^f ----, corresponding magnetic observations by, along with _Prof. Lloyd_ of Dublin, xli, 210. ----, effect of deflected current of air, on the results with a rain gauge, xxxv, 287. ----, appointed to the coast survey, xlvi, 213.

_Bachman, J._, on the migration of the birds of North America, xxx, 81.

_Bacon, Lord_, some notice of, _C. Fox_, xxxvi, 220.

_Baddely, F. H._, on the red color of the flame from strontian, xviii, 261. ----, a new instrument for taking specific gravities, xviii, 263.^f ----, on the sulphate of strontian of Kingston, U. C., and on the geology of the vicinity, xviii, 104. ----, buoyancy of boulders at great depths, xxviii, 111. ----, gold in Lower Canada, xxviii, 112. ----, water limerock of Quebec, xxviii, 113. ----, cement of the Castle Rock, Quebec, xxviii, 367.

_Baily's_ method of determining longitude, notice of, _E. Hitchcock_, ix, 107.

_Bailey, J. W._, grasshoppers' legs, a substitute for frogs in galvanic experiments, xxxi, 292. ----, washing-bottles, forms of, xxxi, 292.^f ----, on the common blowpipe, xxxii, 319.^f ----, excursion to Mt. Katahdin, Me., xxxii, 20.^f ----, list of some plants in Maine, xxxii, 23. ----, new test for nitric acid, xxxii, 85.^f ----, locality of hyalite, xxxii, 87. ----, effect of a current of air on flame, xxxii, 88.^f ----, on the vascular system of ferns, xxxv, 113.^f ----, monstrous flower of Orchis spectabilis, xxxv, 117.^f ----, on yellow showers of pollen, xlii, 195.^f ----, on a curious fungus, Craterium pyriforme, xlii, 195. ----, on the crystals in the tissues of plants, xlv, 149; xlviii, 17.^f ----, fossil polythalamia from the upper Mississippi and Missouri, xli, 400.^f ----, ---- ----, in the U. States, xlviii, 340.^f ----, on fossil infusoria, in peat earth, West Point, N. Y., xxxv, 118.^f ----, infusoria of the family Bacillaria, xli, 284^f; xlii, 88^f; xliii, 321^f; localities, xliii, 328, 329.^f ----, ---- from Oregon, the Bermudas, Virginia and Maryland, with an extended catalogue, xlviii, 321.^f ----, ---- of New Haven harbor, xlviii, 337.^f ----, ---- of Charleston harbor, xlviii, 338.^f ----, ---- of N. Scotia, xlviii, 339. ----, ---- with bones of Mastodon, xlviii, 339. ----, ---- from Virginia, xlv, 313; xlvi, 137,^f 300; xlviii, 330. ----, ---- from Maryland, xlvi, 137^f; xlviii, 330.

_Baird, W. M._ and _S. F._, list of birds found near Carlisle, Penn., xlvi, 261. ----, two new species of Tyrannula, xlvi, 273.

_Baker, G._, vibrations of a mercurial pendulum, xlviii, 156.

Baking, a machine for accelerating fermentation of flour, ix, 198.

Balance, application of the principle of, to milking, churning, &c., _H. Strait_, xxvii, 92.^f

Balance beam, Patten's, ix, 92.^f

_Balande's_ collections of objects in natural history in Africa, iv, 373.

_Baldwin, Wm._, two new species of Rottböllia, i, 355.

_Ball, J._, remarks upon the geology and features of the country west of the Rocky Mountains, xxviii, 1.

Ball's cave, Schoharie, notice of, xxvii, 368.

Balloon with rarefied air, xii, 372. ----, effect of solar heat in raising, _J. Rae_, xxxiii, 196. ----, principles of aerial navigation, _H. Strait_, xxv, 15.^f ----, a means of making meteorological observations, xlii, 150. ----, observations during an ascent of, by _Eugene Robertson_, xii, 166, 325.

_Banks, J._, herbarium of, xl, 9.

Bare Hills, Maryland, _H. H. Hayden_, xxiv, 349.^f

Barium, extrication of, _R. Hare_, xxxvii, 267; xxxviii, 115; xxxix, 362. ----, method of preparing the deutoxide of, xvi, 395.

Bark, Peruvian, experiments on, by _G. W. Carpenter_, ix, 363.

Barlow, P., instruments for illustrating the effects of electro-magnetism, v, 396.^f

_Barnard, F. A. P._, aurora borealis of Nov. 14, 1837, xxxiv, 267. ----, improvement in the Daguerrotype process, xli, 352.

_Barnes, D. H._, geological section of the Canaan Mt., N. Y., v, 8. ----, on some doubtful reptiles of North America, xiii, 66. ----, notice respecting magnetic polarity, xiii, 70. ----, ----, reply to, xiv, 121. ----, on the genera Unio and Alasmodonta, vi, 167,^f 258.^f ----, new species of Chiton, vii, 69.^f

Barometer, construction of, in America, _J. Green_, xxvii, 292. ----, new construction of, _J. L. Riddell_, xxvii, 223.^f ----, improvement of, _C. F. Durant_, xxvii, 97.^f ----, new form of, _J. H. Alexander_, xlv, 233.^f ----, new self-registering, xlix, 400. ----, effect of sound on, xxx, 377. ----, directions regarding, by _E. Mitchell_, xx, 364.^f ----, siphon, in determining the temperature of the mercury in, by observation, xl, 250.^f ----, water, constructed in London, xxiv, 198. ----, remarks on, _W. C. Redfield_, xxv, 129. ----, use of, at sea, _W. C. Redfield_, xxv, 198. ----, changes in the column, as connected with the progress of a storm, _W. C. Redfield_, xx, 45; xxv, 117; xxxi, 127; xxxiii, 262. ----, variations of, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxiii, 262. ----, ----, semi-diurnal, xxxiii, 263. ----, ----, from accumulation of atmospheric pressure owing to obstacles in the course of winds, xxxiii, 264. ----, oscillation of an extensive region in the higher or temperate latitudes, xxxiii, 264. ----, changes during a storm, _E. Loomis_, xl, 34. ----, ----, ibid, _J. P. Espy_, xxxix, 123. ----, ----, ibid, _M. Dové_, xliv, 315. ----, ----, remarks on, _W. S. W. Ruschenberger_, xxxiii, 345. ----, cause of the daily fluctuations of, _Espy_, xli, 42. ----, at the equator indicating time by its oscillations, ix, 195. ----, a substitute for, in measuring heights, _J. Robison_, xxxv, 294. ----, tube, filled with mercury without using an air pump, _Stevelly_, xxxviii, 109. ----, _Hudson's_ series of investigations with, xxiv, 393.

Barometrical observations at New York, for 1833, 1834, by _W. C. Redfield_, xxviii, 157; --for 1832 to 1837, xxxiv, 374; --for 1838, 1839, xxxviii, 325. ---- ----, at Western Reserve College, Sept.-Nov., 1838, _E. Loomis_, xxxvi, 166. ---- ----, at Hudson, Ohio, for 1838-1840, with remarks, _E. Loomis_, xli, 311. ---- ----, at Hudson, Ohio, 1841-44, _E. Loomis_, xlix, 266. ---- ----, at New Orleans, 1833-36, _Prof. Barton_, xxxi, 400. ---- ----, in Indiana, 1828, _D. D. Owen_, xxix, 294. ---- ----, at Montreal, for 1836, _J. S. M'Cord_, xxxiv, 208; --for 1837, xxxv, 382; --for 1838, xxxvi, 180. ---- ----, at St. John's, Newfoundland, 1834-38, xxxviii, 269. ---- ----, at Canton, China, 1829-38, xxxviii, 272. ---- ----, at St. Thomas, during a storm in August, 1837, xliv, 333. ---- ----, at Matanzas, 1835, _A. Mallory_, xxxi, 287. ---- ----, at San Fernando, Cuba, _J. H. Blake_, in 1840, xlii, 292. ---- ----, at sea, U. S. ship Peacock, _W. S. W. Ruschenberger_, xxxiii, 348. ---- ----, on a voyage from New York to Rio, 1834, xxix, 237. ---- ----, see farther, under _Meteorological observations_. ---- pressure, monthly maximum and minimum for the years 1833-34, at N. York, _W. C. Redfield_, xxviii, 159. ---- ----, mean and range of, at N. York, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxviii, 265, 266. ---- ----, mean and range of, at St. John's, Newfoundland, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxviii, 265, 266. ---- ----, mean of, at Montreal, for 1836-40, xli, 330. ---- ----, mean of, at Plymouth, England, xxxviii, 109. ---- ----, mean of, horary oscillation, &c., at Plymouth, England, _W. Snow Harris_, xliii, 369. ---- ----, comparison of, with pressure in India, &c., xliii, 371. ---- ----, mean of, at Perth, Scotland, xl, 342. ---- ----, mean and range of, at Malvern, in Worcestershire, xxxviii, 102. ---- ----, mean of, at Canton, China, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxviii, 267. ---- ----, mean of, in different parts of the world, _E. Loomis_, xli, 312. ---- ----, at the level of the Dead Sea, xlii, 214. ---- ----, minima of, Feb. 16-19, 1842, xlii, 403. ---- oscillations at Inverness contrasted with those at London, xliv, 158. ---- determination of heights, simple method of, _O. Byrne_, xliv, 12.^f ---- compensation of the pendulum, xlvi, 393.

Barrows, Indian, see _Mounds_.

_Barton, D. W._, geology of the Catskills, iv, 249.^f

_Barton, Prof._, meteorological register at N. Orleans, xxxi, 400.

_Bartlett, W. H. C._, experiments on the expansion and contraction of building stones by changes of temperature, xxii, 136.^f

_Bartram, Wm._, notice of, _A. Gray_, xlii, 1.

Baryta, test for, iv, 372. ----, distinguished from strontia by means of chromate of potash, _J. L. Smith_, xxxvi, 183. ----, native carbonate of, see _Witherite_. ----, native sulphate of, see _Heavy spar_.

Basalt, analyses of, iv, 230. ----, characters of, xv, 32. ----, of the Caucasus range, xxxvii, 348.

Basaltic columns, in N. Jersey, v, 240. ---- rocks of the Labrador coast, _R. H. Bonnycastle_, xxx, 236.

Basilosaurus, xxvii, 354; xxxvii, 231. ----, named Zygodon, _R. Harlan_, xli, 179.

Basin of mines, Nova Scotia, minerals of, xv, 132.

Bath, Russian vapor, _T. S. Traill_, xxiii, 295.

Battery, galvanic, see _Electricity_.

Beaches, ancient, about Lake Huron, iii, 257. ----, ----, of Lake Ontario, _G. E. Hayes_, xxxv, 89. ----, elevated, of Canadian lakes, _C. Lyell_, xlvi, 314. ----, four, to the river Malbay, L. C., v, 221.

Bead manufactory at Venice, xxvii, 78.

_Beaufoy, M._, notice of a work on nautical and hydraulic experiments, by, xxviii, 340.

_Beaumont, W._, experiments on the gastric juice, xxvi, 193; xxvii, 405.

_Beaumont, E. de_, observations on Etna, xxxi, 168.

Beaumontite from Baltimore, analysis of, _M. A. Delesse_, xlvii, 216. ---- ----, identical with Heulandite, _F. Alger_, xlvi, 233.^f ----, a crenato-silicate of copper, xxxvii, 398; xlvii, 337.

_Beche, H. F. de la_, classification of the European rocks by, xviii, 26.

_Beck, J. B._, influence of salt storms on vegetation, i, 388.

_Beck, L. C._, contributions to the botany of Illinois and Missouri, x, 257; xi, 167; xiv, 112. ----, ferns and mosses of the U. States, xv, 287. ----, on the formation of phosphuretted hydrogen, xii, 294. ----, on the nature of the chlorides of soda, lime, xiv, 251.^f ----, on the office of nitrogen in respiration, xviii, 52. ----, on the commercial potash of N. York, xxix, 260. ----, researches on wines and other fermented liquors, xxviii, 42. ----, on the tornado or water-spout of New Brunswick, xxxvi, 115.^f ----, on the Eupyrchroite and Rensselaerite of Emmons, xl, 77. ----, notices of trap minerals in New Jersey and New York, xliv, 54.^f ----, on the occurrence of bituminous or organic matter in some N. York limestones and sandstones, xlv, 335. ----, remarkable example of force of expansion and contraction, xlv, 49. ----, on antediluvian climate, xlv, 144. ----, on igneous action, as deduced from the appearance of crystals, &c., in N. Y., xlv, 143; xlvi, 333.

_Beck, L. C._, and _E. Emmons_, description of a new moss, Grevilleanum serratum, xi, 183.^f

_Beckwith, J._, dikes or natural walls in North Carolina, v, 1.

_Becquerel_, on combinations and crystallizations by the action of weak electric forces, xvii, 383. ----, crystallization of galena and other substances by galvanism, xxviii, 291. ----, electro-chemical reduction of metals, xxxi, 161.

Bed, made of crystal for the Shah of Persia, xv, 186.

Bees, honey, of America, _J. A. Vanden Heuvel_, iii, 79. ----, _Huber's_ observations on, xxiii, 120. ----, a notice of, _E. Burgess_, xxii, 164. ----, mode of taking swarms of, in Corsica, xxiii, 202. ----, parasite among, _M. Field_, xxv, 213.

Beets, large amount of alkali in, xv, 180. ----, nutriment for domestic animals, xxii, 200. ----, cultivation of, and manufac. of sugar, _M. Girardin_, xxiii, 392.

Beet sugar in France, vi, 388; xv, 394.

Belemnite, animal of, xlv, 403.

Belemnites americanus, xvii, 281; xviii, 249.^f ----, _Raspail's_ opinion, xvii, 184.

_Bell, J._, improved airpump receiver, xxviii, 353.^f

Bellows, theory of, _H. Strait_, xxvii, 88.^f ----, exploded by inflammable gas, xxiv, 182.

Bellows Falls, scenery of, vii, 12. ---- ----, granite of, vi, 11.

Belzoni's gift of two statues to Padua, v, 177.

_Benedict, A._, on the vegetation of the Ottawa and some of its tributaries, xviii, 349.

_Benedict, Prof._, on conic sections, xxxi, 258.^f

_Benedict, F. N._, on determining the temperature of the mercury in a siphon barometer, xl, 250.^f

Benzoyle, hydruret of, xlix, 194.

Benzoic acid, xxvi, 267; xlix, 194.

Benzoic compounds, researches on the radical of benzoic acid, _Wöhler_ and _Liebig_, xxvi, 261. ---- ----, benzoic acid, xxvi, 267. ---- ----, benzoin, xxvi, 279. ---- ----, benzamid, xxvi, 274. ---- ----, chlorobenzoyle, xxvi, 270, 277. ---- ----, cyanobenzoyle, xxvi, 273. ---- ----, iodobenzoyle, xxvi, 273. ---- ----, bromobenzoyle, xxvi, 272. ---- ----, hydrobenzoyle, xxvi, 270. ---- ----, bitter almond oil, xxvi, 263.^f ---- ----, formulas for, and the ethers, xxvi, 285.

_Bennet, E. T._, obituary notice of, xxxii, 215.

Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, geology of, viii, 1.

Berlin, notice of the city, xx, 389.

_Bertero, C._, Chilian plants, xix, 63, 299; xx, 248; xxiii, 78, 250.

Berthierite, xv, 386.

Beryl, broken crystal, xlvi, 366.^f ----, of Haddam, forms of crystals, viii, 395. ----, forms of crystals, _J. Johnston_, xl, 401.^f ----, ----, ibid, xlvi, 381.^f ---- of Acworth, N. H., _C. U. Shepard_, xvii, 355. ----, localities in Canada, viii, 61. ----, ---- in Connecticut, i, 242, 354; ii, 142; vi, 222; viii, 258; x, 206. ----, ---- in Delaware, xiv, 11. ----, ---- in Maine, xiii, 373; xviii, 291. ----, ---- in Mass., vi, 222; vii, 255; viii, 43; xii, 259; xiv, 219. ----, ---- in New Hampshire, xv, 358; xvii, 354. ----, ---- in New York, ix, 244. ----, ---- in Pennsylvania, iv, 39; viii, 236; x, 222; xiv, 3, 14. ----, ---- in R. Island, viii, 226; ix, 46.

_Berzelius, J. J._, on chemical nomenclature, xxii, 248. ----, on isomeric bodies, xxvi, 178. ----, on crenic and apocrenic acids, xxviii, 121. ----, on tellurium, xxviii, 137. ----, on Prout's hypothesis of atomic weights, xlviii, 369. ----, festival in honor of, xlvii, 218.

_Bevan, B._, notice of, xxxvii, 120.

_Bewick, T._, notice of the works of, xxxvii, 158.

_Bidard_, analysis of guano, xlviii, 181.

Big Bone Lick, bones of, xviii, 139. ---- ---- ----, report on, xx, 370.

_Bigelow, J._, forwardness of the spring in the U. S., i, 76. ----, documents and remarks respecting the sea serpent, ii, 147.

_Bigsby, J, J._, on the environs of Carthage bridge near the mouth of the Genesee river, ii, 250.^f ----, geology and mineralogy of the N. W. portion of Lake Huron, iii, 254. ----, outline of the mineralogy and geology of Malbay, L. C., v, 205.^f ----, minerals and organic remains in Canada, viii, 60.

Bile, analysis of, xviii, 162. ----, test for, _M. Pettenkoffer_, xlix, 206.

_Binney, A._, climate of the post-pleiocene period of the U. States, xlvii, 259.

Binomial theorem, demonstration of, _T. Strong_, xii, 132. ---- ----, _D. Gould_, xix, 50.

_Biot_, optical properties of saccharine juices, xxiv, 379. ----, views on auroras, xxv, 357.

Biotine, xi, 264,^f [anorthite.]

Birch, white, chemical examination of the bark of, _O. Mason_, xx, 282.

Birds, songs of, innate, xxi, 164. ----, remarks on the notes of, x, 390. ----, gigantic struthoid from New Zealand, xliv, 417; xlv, 185; xlviii, 194; xlix, 219, 403. ---- of N. America, on the migration of, _J. Bachman_, xxx, 81. ----, see farther under _Zoology_. ---- nests, large, of New Holland, xlvii, 217, 312; xlviii, 61. ---- tracks, see _Footprints_.

Births of male and female children, comparative number of, in France, xiv, 372.

_Bischof, G._, natural history of volcanoes and earthquakes, xxxvi, 230^f; xxxvii, 41.^f ----, elevations from earthquakes, xxxvi, 273; xxxvii, 49.

Bismuth, native, Huntington, Ct., i, 316; vi, 210. ----, expansion of, on cooling, xxi, 371. ----, new sulphurets of, _W. W. Mather_, xxiv, 189, 196. ----, disulphuret of, _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 264. ----, fusible alloy of, xxi, 371. ----, carbonate of, analysis of, xviii, 391. ---- cobalt ore, analysis of, xiii, 187.

Bitter-spar, in Massachusetts, i, 137, 343; ii, 236. ----, in Maryland, v, 256. ----, in R. Island, iv, 285. ----, in Vermont, v, 272; xvii, 353.

Bitterness of vegetables, _M. Guillemin_, xxiv, 273.

Bitumen in stones, xii, 147. ---- or petroleum oil spring of Allegany Co., N. Y., xxiii, 97. ---- in the valley of the Little Kenawha, xxix, 86; valley of the Kenawha, 121; of Sandy river, 129. ---- in N. Jersey, xxxvi, 114. ---- from Barbadoes, v, 406. ---- of Africa, i, 147. ----, elastic, of France and England, xiv, 371.

Bituminized wood in the recent era, _W. M. Carpenter_, xxxv, 345; xxxvi, 118.^f ---- ----, partly silicified, Texas, xxxvii, 216.

Bituminous or organic matter in the N. York limestones, _L. C. Beck_, xlv, 335. ---- coal; see _Coal_.

Black lead; see _Graphite_.

Black mountain, Vt., geology of, vi, 7.

Black sea, anal. of waters of, xx, 188. ---- ----, height of, above the Caspian, xl, 320. ---- ----, on the shores of, xxxii, 399.

Blacking, preparation of, xiii, 163.

Blagden, Sir Charles, obituary notice of, ii, 344.

_Blake, E. W._, on the forms of cog-wheels, vii, 86.^f ----, blasting rocks, xvii, 134.^f ----, theory of the resistance of fluids, xxix, 274; xxx, 359.

_Blake, J. H._, meteorological observations in 1840, at San Fernando, Cuba, xlii, 292. ----, coal mines of Cuba, xlii, 388. ----, geological and miscellaneous notices of the province of Tarapaca, xliv, 1.^f

Blanc, Mt., journey up, _J. Van Rensselaer_, ii, 1.

Blasting of rocks, danger and remedies, xvii, 132.^f ---- ----, an improved method of, by firing several blasts at once, with a Leyden jar, xvi, 372.^f ---- ----, by using as a plug, a cone of wood, _E. W. Blake_, xvii, 134.^f ---- ----, on the premature explosion of powder in, xix, 199. ---- ----, by galvanism, _R. Hare_, xxi, 139; xxvi, 352^f; xxxviii, 188. ---- ---- ----, _H. K. G. Morgan_, xxxviii, 33.

Bleaching, remarks on, xv, 64. ---- oils, xlvii, 196. ---- powder, see _Chloride of lime_.

Blende, in Canada, viii, 76. ----, in Connecticut, v, 41, 44; xxxiii, 162. ----, in Massachusetts, i, 437; vi, 201. ----, in N. Hampshire, xxxiv, 114. ----, in N. Jersey, v. 30. ----, in N. York, viii, 249; ix, 244. ----, western states, iii, 63.

Blind, New England asylum for, xxiv, 175.

Blind fish, from a cave in Ky., _J. Wyman_, xlv, 94.

Blood, remarks on the circulating system, xxviii, 79. ----, rapidity of the circulation of, xvi, 388. ----, new mode of analyzing, _L. Figuier_, xlix, 201. ----, coloring matter of, xix, 381. ----, on the iron in, xv, 169. ----, manganese in, xxi, 370. ----, gases contained in, and on respiration, _G. Magnus_, xxxv, 198. ----, peculiar principle of, xviii, 148. ----, mode of preserving, xxi, 370. ---- of a dog, Filariæ in, xlv, 228.

_Bloodgood, S. D._, on the Hudson and Mohawk railroad, xxi, 141.

Blowing machinery of a furnace, investigations respecting, by _A. B. Quinby_, xii, 128. ---- ----, phenomenon exhibited by, xiii, 395; xiv, 395. ---- ----, ibid, explanation of, xv, 362.^f

Blowpipe, common, _J. W. Bailey_, xxxii, 319.^f ----, simplified, xvii, 163. ----, mineral supports, ix, 201. ----, reaction of fluxes with metallic oxides, xxxii, 323. ----, new, _J. Green_, iv, 164.^f ----, alcoholic, improved, _R. Hare_, vii, 110.^f ----, compound, of _R. Hare_, i, 97; ii, 281.^f ----, ----, fusion of refractory substances by, iii, 87. ----, ----, hydrogen burned in water by, v, 347 _bis_. ----, ----, experiments with, on diamond, anthracite and graphite, vi, 349. ----, ----, mouth for, xxxv, 187. ----, ----, large mass of platina fused by, _R. Hare_, xxxiii, 195. ----, ----, a form of, xi, 142.^f ----, Clarke's, strictures on an account of, ii, 281.^f ----, hydrostatic, _R. Hare_, xi, 135.^f ----, chloro-hydrogen, xvii, 211.

Boat, iron, iii, 371.

Boiling point of water, different in vessels of different material, xlvii, 190. ---- ----, of liquids, ii, 361.

Bog ore, see under _Iron ore_.

Boletus igniarius analogous to animal substances, _A. Eaton_, vi, 177.

Bolles's trigonometer, ix, 401.^f

Bolton limestone quarry and its minerals, vii, 52.

Bombay, geology of the province of the Deccan, xxxiii, 274. ----, climate of the province of the Deccan, xxxiii, 275.

Bone, strength of, xiii, 189. ----, gelatine from, i, 170; xxii, 369. ----, used for soups, &c., x, 388; xvii, 169.

Bones of the Kirkdale caverns, viii, 158, 317. ----, in caves, in England, ii, 144; viii, 158, 317; xxxi, 341; xxxiii, 106; xxxv, 304. ----, ----, in France, xxi, 56; xxiii, 388. ----, ----, in Germany, viii, 319, 321. ----, ----, in N. Holland, xx, 380. ----, ----, in Canada, ix, 354. ----, ----, on the Susquehannah, xxxix, 399. ----, fossil, in the red sandstone of the Connecticut valley, ii, 146; vi, 43. ----, ----, in France, vi, 199; xiv, 203; xx, 382. ----, ----, human, skull of Guadaloupe, xxxii, 361. ----, ----, ----, in S. America, xliv, 277. ----, ----, ----, in Upper Saxony, v, 171. ----, ----, see farther under _Fossil_ and under _Zoology_. ----, fluorine in, xlvii, 131, 419. ----, ----, _C. Daubeny_, xlviii, 187. ----, ----, source of, _J. L. Smith_, xlviii, 99. ----, comparative composition of recent and fossil, xlviii, 186.

Bonnets, Italian, material and manufacture of, iv, 166.

_Bonnycastle, R. H._, on the transition rocks of the Cataraqui, xviii, 85; xx, 74^f; xxiv, 97^f; xxx, 233.^f ----, earthquakes near the Saguenay, xxx, 236. ----, halo, solar, seen at Kingston, xxx, 136.

_Bonnycastle_, explanation of a collapse of a reservoir, (_Dr. Hare's_,) xl, 32. ----, effect of instantaneous, as compared with accumulative, pressure, xl, 32.

_Bonpland_, in S. America, iv, 197.

Books and memoirs of 1833, number of, xxviii, 295. ---- of France per year, as compared with those of Germany, xviii, 185. ----, noticed, see _Works_.

Boomerang of Australia, xxxvi, 164.^f

_Booth, J. C._, on the white nickel of Riechelsdorf, in Hessia, xxix, 241. ----, analysis of ores from Davidson Co., N. C., xli, 348.

Boracic acid, from the lakes of Cherchaio, ii, 349. ---- ----, in the waters of Vulcano, ii, 349. ---- ----, of Tuscany, xxviii, 143. ---- ----, ibid, _J. Bowring_, xxxvii, 270. ---- ----, reduced by hydrogen, xvii, 176. ---- ----, to detect, in tourmaline, vi, 157. ---- ----, on the origin of, in native compounds, _J. D. Dana_, xlix, 61. ---- ether, xlviii, 189.

Borate of lime, description of, xlvi, 377.^f ---- ----, analysis of, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvii, 215.

Boring for freshwater, see _Wells_.

Boron, method of evolving, _R. Hare_, xxiv, 249.^f

Boston, forts around, viii, 338.

Botany.

American, remarks on, _W. J. Hooker_, ix, 263. ----, notices of European herbaria, important to, _A. Gray_, xl, 1. ----, of Alabama, new species, _M. C. Leavenworth_, vii, 61. ----, ----, list of rare plants, _M. C. Leavenworth_, ix, 74. ----, ----, new species, _S. B. Buckley_, xlv, 170. ----, of the Cherokee country, new species, _Mrs. Gambold_, i, 245. ----, of Connecticut, Litchfield, _J. P. Brace_, iv, 292. ----, of Florida, _T. Nuttall_, v, 286. ----, ----, _H. B. Croom_, xxv, 74; xxvi, 313. ----, of Illinois and Missouri, contributions to, _L. C. Beck_, x, 257; xi, 167; xiv, 112. ----, ---- ----, catalogue, _G. Engelmann_, xlvi, 94. ----, of the Lakes, and headwaters of the Mississippi, _D. B. Douglass and J. Torrey_, iv, 56. ----, of Maine, list of some plants in, _J. W. Bailey_, xxxii, 22. ----, of N. York, Cylactis, Nemopanthus, Polanisia, three genera, _C. S. Rafinesque_, i, 377. ----, of New England, observations on some plants in, _E. Tuckerman_, xlv, 27. ----, of North Carolina, notes on an excursion, _A. Gray_, xlii, 1. ----, ----, new and rare plants, _M. A. Curtis_, xliv, 80. ----, of Ohio, three undescribed species in, _W. S. Sullivant_, xlii, 49. ----, ----, Belmont Co., _C. Atwater_, i, 226. ----, of the Ottawa river and tributaries, _A. Benedict_, xviii, 349. ----, of Pennsylvania, Easton, list of rare plants, _L. de Schweinitz_, viii, 267. ----, ----, Northampton Co., _J. Wolle_ and _A. L. Hübener_, xxxvii, 310. ----, of the southern states, remarks and new localities, _H. B. Croom_, xxviii, 165.

of Brazil, number of species, xv, 390.

of Chili, lists of, _C. Bertero_, xix, 63, 299; xx, 248; xxiii, 78, 250.

of Ireland, geographical distribution, xxxi, 367.

of the Pyrenees, xiv, 377.

----, see farther under _Plants_ and _Vegetation_.

_Genera and species described or noticed._

Acacia cavenia, xix, 66.

Aconitum reclinatum, xlii, 34.

Actinomeris pauciflora, v, 301.

Agrimonia suaveolens, xiv, 112.

Agrostis altissima, xlv, 44. ---- concinna, xlv, 42. ---- laxiflora, xlv, 43. ---- perennans, xlv, 44. ---- Pickeringii, xlv, 442. ---- scabra, xlv, 45.

Allium striatum, xi, 177.

Alnus crispa, xlv, 33. ---- incana, xlv, 32. ---- rubra, xlv, 32.

Amorpha caroliniana, xxv, 74.

Amphianthus, genus of plants, _M. C. Leavenworth_, xlix, 127. ---- pusillus, xlix, 127.

Amyris floridana, v, 294.

Anantherax viridis, xi, 174.

Andromeda montana, xlv, 172. ---- polifolia, iv, 62. ---- recurva, xlv, 172. ---- rosemary-leaved, iii, 283.^f

Angelica Curtisii, xlv, 173.

Antiaris toxicaria, or Upas tree, analysis of the juice of, xxxix, 206.

Apocynum cannabinum, xi, 172. ---- hypericifolium, xi, 172.

Arabis rhomboidea, iv, 66; xviii, 358. ---- patens, xlii, 49.

Arbutus uva-ursi, iv, 62.

Argemone georgiana, xxv, 75.

Arum polymorphun, xlv, 173.

Asarsum, characters of the genus, xlii, 18.

Asclepias, amæna, xi, 173. ---- incarnata, xi, 173. ---- lanceolata, i, 252.^f ---- longifolia, xi, 173. ---- obtusifolia, xi, 173. ---- quadrifolia, xi, 172. ---- venicillata, xi, 173.

Aspidium aculeatum, xlv, 46.

Astilbe, characters of the genus, xlii, 39. ---- decandra, xlii, 39. ---- japonica, xlii, 39. ---- rivularis, xlii, 39.

Atheropogon apludoides, iv, 58.

Avicennia tomentosa, v, 296.

Azalea nudiflora, size of, in Florida, xxvi, 319.

Baptisia simplicifolia, xxv, 74; -- mollis, xliv, 81.

Batschia canescens, xi, 168.

Betula glandulosa, xlv, 30. ---- Littelliana, xlv, 30. ---- nana, xlv, 31. ---- papyracea, xlv, 31. ---- pumila, xlv, 29.

Boletus igniarius, analogous to animal substances _A. Eaton_, vi, 177. Botrychium simplex, vi, 103.^f

Boykinia aconitifolia, xlii, 21.

Campanula rotundifolia, xlv, 27.

Capsicum baccatum, v, 289.

Cardamine rotundifolia, xviii, 356; xlii, 30.

---- uniflora, vii, 63.

Caricography, _C. Dewey_, vii, 264; viii, 93, 264; ix, 60, 257^f; x, 30, 265^f; xi, 147,^f 304^f; xii, 296^f; xiv, 351^f; xxv, 140^f; xxvi, 107,^f 376; xxvii, 236^f; xxviii, 270; xxix, 245^f; xxx, 59^f; xxxix, 50^f; xliii, 90^f; xlviii, 140^f; xlix, 42.^f

Carices, systematic arrangement of, _C. Dewey_, xi, 319. ----, list of, in northern parts of America, _C. Dewey_, xxviii, 271. ----, in the herbarium of Muhlenberg, _C. Dewey_, xxv, 143. ----, three new species in Alabama, _S. B. Buckley_, xlv, 173. ----, four new species in New England, _E. Tuckerman_, xlv, 39.

Carex acuta, x, 265. ---- æstivalis, xlii, 28. ---- affinis, xi, 305. ---- alba, vii, 266; x, 280; xi, 316.^f ---- alopecoidea, xlv, 39. ---- alpestris, vii, 268. ---- ampullacea, vii, 266. ---- anceps, x, 36.^f ---- aquatilis, x, 267.^f ---- arctica, xxvii, 239.^f ---- aristata, vii, 277^f; xi, 161; xxvii, 240.^f ---- atrata, x, 271. ---- attenuata, xi, 305. ---- Backana, xxix, 250.^f ---- Backii, xlix, 46.^f ---- Baldwinia, xxvi, 107.^f ---- Barrattii, xi, 162; xii, 297.^f ---- binervis, xxx, 61. ---- blanda, x, 45.^f ---- blepharophora, xxx, 59.^f ---- bromoides, viii, 264. ---- Buckleyi, xlviii, 143.^f ---- bullata, ix, 71; xi, 315. ---- Buxbaumii, x, 39. ---- canescens, viii, 93; xlv, 39. ---- capillaris, xi, 149; xxxix, 51. ---- capitata, xxxix, 51. ---- Careyana, xxx, 60.^f ---- Carltonia, xxvii, 238.^f ---- caroliniana, xlv, 173; xlviii, 142.^f ---- castanea, ix, 73. ---- cephalophora, vii, 269; x, 268; xliii, 92. ---- cespitosa, x, 266; xi, 318; xii, 297. ---- cherokeensis, xi, 160.^f ---- chordorrhiza, xlix, 44. ---- collecta, xi, 314.^f ---- columbiana, xxx, 62.^f ---- compacta, xxvii, 237.^f ---- concinna, xi, 152. ---- concolor, xi, 309. ---- Cooleyi, xlviii, 144.^f ---- crinita, x, 270. ---- cristata, x, 44.^f ---- cryptocarpa, xxix, 245.^f ---- dasycarpa, xi, 148.^f ---- Davalliana, x, 283. ---- Davisii, x, 279.^f ---- decomposita, xxv, 140.^f ---- Deweyana, ix, 62.^f ---- digitalis, xi, 147. ---- dioica, x, 283. ---- disperma, viii, 266.^f ---- Drummondiana, xxix, 251.^f ---- Elliottii, xi, 151.^f ---- exilis, xiv, 351^f; β squamacea, xiv, 351.^f ---- festiva, xxix, 246.^f ---- festucacea, viii, 96. ---- filifolia, xi, 150; xii, 296.^f ---- filiformis, vii, 268. ---- flava, ix, 65. ---- flexuosa, x, 40. ---- floridana, x, 45.^f ---- fœnea, x, 284; xxv, 142.^f ---- folliculata, x, 32. ---- formosa, viii, 98.^f ---- Fraseri, xi, 155. ---- fuliginosa, xi, 152. ---- fulvicoma, xxix, 249.^f ---- gigantea, xi, 164. ---- glaucescens, xi, 150^f; xliv, 84. ---- gracillima, viii, 98.^f ---- granularis, vii, 272; xi, 156. ---- granularioides, ix, 262.^f ---- Grayana, xxv, 141.^f ---- Greeniana, xxx, 61.^f ---- Halseyana, xi, 313.^f ---- hirsuta, ix, 260; xi, 315. ---- Hitchcockiana, x, 274.^f ---- Hoodii, xlix, 42.^f ---- Hookerana, xxix, 248.^f ---- Hoppneri, xlix, 46.^f ---- Houghtoniana, xxx, 63.^f ---- hystericina, x, 35. ---- incurva, xxvi, 376. ---- intumescens, x, 33. ---- lacustris, x, 43. ---- lagopodioides, viii, 95. ---- lanceata, xxix, 249.^f ---- laxa, xxvi, 376. ---- laxiflora, x, 31. ---- lenticularis, vii, 273.^f ---- leucoglochin, x, 42. ---- Liddoni, xlix, 45.^f ---- limosa, x, 41. ---- loliacea, xi, 306. ---- longirostris, ix, 257.^f ---- lupulina, xi, 165.^f ---- ----, var. polystachia xi, 166.^f ---- Lyoni, xlix, 42.^f ---- macrocephala, xliii, 91.^f ---- marcida, xlix, 43.^f ---- marginata, xi, 163. ---- marina, xxix, 247.^f ---- Martensii, xxx, 62. ---- Meadii, xliii, 90.^f ---- media, xi, 309. ---- membranacea, xxix, 247.^f ---- Michauxii, x, 273.^f ---- miliacea, x, 30. ---- miliaris, x, 36. ---- mirabilis, xxx, 63.^f ---- misandra, xi, 153. ---- miser, xlv, 173; xlviii, 141.^f ---- Mitchelliana, xliv, 84; xlviii, 140.^f ---- monile, xlix, 47.^f ---- Muhlenbergii, viii, 265. ---- multiflora, ix, 60^f; xi, 317. ---- muricata, xi, 307. ---- muskingumensis, x, 281.^f ---- mutica, xi, 310; xxix, 252.^f ---- neglecta, xlv, 40. ---- nigricans, xxix, 249.^f ---- nigro-marginata, x, 282.^f ---- novangliæ, ix, 64.^f ---- Nutallii, xliii, 92.^f ---- Œderi, x, 38. ---- Okesiana, xiv, 351.^f ---- oligocarpa, x, 281.^f ---- ovalis, vii, 276; xxvi, 377. ---- ovata, x, 44. ---- pallescens, vii, 267. ---- panicea, xxv, 140. ---- paniculata, x, 275. ---- Parryana, xxvii, 239.^f ---- pedunculata, ix, 259. ---- petasata, xxix, 246.^f ---- petricosa, xxix, 246.^f ---- plantaginea, vii, 272; xi, 155.^f ---- podocarpa, xi, 162; xxix, 251.^f ---- polytrichoides, ix, 258. ---- pseudo-cyperus, ix, 71; xi, 318. ---- pubescens, ix, 73. ---- pyriformis, ix, 69.^f ---- Redowskiana, xxix, 250.^f ---- remota, xi, 309. ---- retroflexa, vii, 271; x, 277. ---- retrorsa, ix, 67.^f ---- Richardsonii, xi, 152. ---- rigida, xlv, 40; xlix, 45.^f ---- riparia, xlix, 47. ---- rosea, x, 276.^f ---- rostrata, xxxix, 52. ---- Sartwellii, xliii, 90.^f ---- saxatilis, xi, 310; xxvii, 236. ---- scabrata, ix, 66.^f ---- Schkuhrii, xxvii, 238. ---- Schweinitzii, ix, 68.^f ---- scirpoides, viii, 96. ---- scoparia, viii, 94. ---- setacea, ix, 61.^f ---- Shortiana, xxx, 60.^f ---- siccata, x, 278^f; xiv, 353. ---- Sparganioides, viii, 265. ---- spectabilis, xxix, 248.^f ---- spherostachya, xlix, 44.^f ---- squarrosa, vii, 270^f; xi, 316. ---- stellulata, xi, 306. ---- stenolepis, xxx, 59.^f ---- stenophylla, xxvii, 237. ---- sterilis, xi, 304. ---- Steudelii, xlix, 46.^f ---- stipata, vii, 271; x, 277. ---- straminea, vii, 276; xi, 157, 318.^f ---- stricta, x, 269. ---- styloflexa, xlv, 174; xlviii, 141.^f ---- Sullivantii, xlii, 29; xlix, 44.^f ---- supina, xxvi, 376. ---- sylvatica, x, 40. ---- tenera, viii, 97.^f ---- tenuiflora, xxxix, 51. ---- teretiuscula, vii, 265. ---- tentaculata, x, 34. ---- tetanica, xi, 312.^f ---- Torreyana, x, 47. ---- Torreyi, xlix, 43.^f ---- triceps, xlviii, 142.^f ---- trichocarpa, vii, 274; xi, 158.^f ---- trisperma, ix, 63.^f ---- Tuckermanii, xlix, 48.^f ---- umbellata, x, 31^f; xi, 316. ---- ursina, xxvii, 240.^f ---- ustulata, xi, 149. ---- Vahlii, xxvi, 377. ---- varia, xi, 162. ---- venusta, xxvi, 107.^f ---- verna, xi, 314. ---- verrucosa, xi, 159^f; xlviii, 140.^f ---- vesicaria, x, 273. ---- vestita, ix, 261. ---- virescens, ix, 259. ---- viridula, xi, 153. ---- Washingtoniana, x, 272^f; xii, 296. ---- Willdenovii, ix, 258; xi, 311. ---- Wormskioldiana, xi, 154; xiv, 352.^f ---- xanthophysa, vii, 274^f; xiv, 353. ---- ---- β nana, 353.^f ---- ---- γ minor, 353.^f

Catalpa syringifolia, x, 259.

Cerastium, _n. sp._, iv. 63.

Cerotiola ericoides, northern limit of, _H. B. Croom_, xxvi, 315.

Cetraria Tuckermanii, xlv, 48.

Chamœrops palmetto, locality of, xxvi, 315.

Charæ of North America, by _A. Braun_, xlvi, 92.

Clematis reticulata, xiv, 115.

Corydalis formosa, and canadensis, xxvi, 114.^f

Cranichis multiflora, v, 302.

Craterium pyriforme, _J. W. Bailey_, xlii, 195. ---- ----, shown to be an Acarus, xliii, 205.^f

Cryptogamia of Chelmsford, notice of a memoir on, by _J. L. Russel_, xxxix, 183.

Cuscuta cephalanthi, xliii, 336^f; xiv, 73. ---- coryli, xliii, 337^f; xlv, 73. ---- hispidula, xlv, 75. ---- neuropetala, xlv, 75. ---- pentagona, xliii, 340^f; xlv, 76. ---- polygonorum, xliii, 342^f; xlv, 76. ---- saururi, xliii, 339^f; xlv, 74. ---- verrucosa, xliii, 341^f; xlv, 74. ---- vulgivaga, xliii, 338^f; xlv, 73.

Cuscutineæ, N. American, monograph of, _G. Engelmann_, xliii, 333; xlv, 73.

Cycadeæ, remarks on, with descriptions of the ovula and seeds of Cycas revoluta, by _A. J. Downing_, xxxii, 45.^f

Cylactis, i, 377.

Cynanchum scoparium, v, 291.

Cyrilla paniculata, v, 290.

Dalea violacea, iv, 66.

Datura, two species in the United States, vi, 254.

Delphinium tricome, xiv, 114.

Dentaria dissecta, vii, 62.

Diervilla sessilifolia, xlv, 174.

Dionæa muscipula, xxvi, 315.

Diphylleia cymosa, xlii, 23.

Diplocea barbata, i, 252.

Dracena borealis, iv, 61.

Eleocharis compressa, xlii, 50.

Elymus hystrix, iv, 58.

Equiseta, North American, _A. Braun's_ monograph, with additions by _G. Engelmann_, xlvi, 81.

Equisetum arvense, xlvi, 83. ---- boreale, xlvi, 90. ---- eburneum, xlvi, 84. ---- giganteum, xlvi, 91. ---- hyemale, xlvi, 89. ---- lævigatum, xlvi, 87. ---- limosum, xlvi, 86. ---- palustre, xlvi, 85. ---- pratense, xlvi, 85. ---- robustum, xlvi, 88. ---- scirpoides, xlvi, 91. ---- sylvaticum, xlvi, 84. ---- variegatum, xlvi, 90.

Erythronium albidum, xi, 177.

Eupatorium huaco, xxiv, 279.

Fedia radiata, iv, 57. ---- umbilicata, xlii, 50.

Flœrkea, on the genus, _C. S. Rafinesque_, i, 373.

Geum agrimonoides, iv, 64. ---- geniculatum, xlii, 35.

Gnaphalium, decurrens, i, 310, 330.

Gratiola micrantha, v, 287. ---- missouriana, x, 258.

Grevilleanum serratum, xi, 183.^f

Gyropodium coccineum, ix, 56.^f

Hedeoma hirta, x, 260.

Hedyotis purpurea, xlii, 27.

Helianthus Dowellianus, xliv, 82.

Herniaria americana, v, 291.

Heterotropa, characters of the genus, xlii, 18. ---- arifolia, xlii, 19. ---- asaroides, xlii, 19. ---- virginica, xlii, 19.

Hibiscus pentaspermus, v, 298.

Hoteia, characters of the genus, xlii, 39.

Houstonia minima, x, 262. ---- ciliolata, x, 263. ---- cœrulea, x, 263. ---- longifolia, x, 263. ---- purpurea, x, 263.

Hypericum Buckleii, xliv, 80. ---- graveolens, xlv, 174. ---- rosmarinifolium, xiv, 115.

Hyssopus anisatus, iv, 65.

Ilex laurifolia, v, 289.

Iris Duerinckii, xlv, 176. ---- lacustris, iv, 57.

Jatropha manihot, v, 303.

Juncus cylindricus, xliv, 83. ---- Greenei, xlv, 37.

Juniperus repens, iv, 69.

Jussieua tenuifolia, v, 294.

Justicia lætivirens, xlv, 176.

Kalmia cuneata, xxvi, 314.

Kobresia filiformis, xxix, 253.^f ---- globularis, xxix, 253.^f

Lilium canadense, xi, 177. ---- Catesbæi, xi, 177.

Lepidanche, new genus, _C. Engelmann_, xliii, 343. ---- appressa, xlv, 77. ---- compositarum, xliii, 344^f; xlv, 77.

Liatris flexuosa, xxxvii, 388.^f ---- fruticosa, v, 299. ---- oppositifolia, v, 299. ---- scariosa, iv, 67. ---- squarrosa, iv, 66.

Ligustrum vulgare, x, 258.

Limonia acidissima, v, 295.

Lindernia saxicola, xliv, 83.

Lobelia aphylla, v, 297.

Lodoicea sechellarum, notice of, _J. E. Teschemacher_, xxxvii, 396.

Lychnopora, a new genus from South America, notice of, ix, 375.

Lycoperdon tuber, or Indian bread, ii, 369. ---- giganteum, xxxviii, 391.

Lycopodium annotinum, xlv, 46. ---- inundatum, xlv, 47. ---- selago, xlv, 48.

Magnolia grandiflora, xxvi, 314.

Malva Lecontii, xlv, 176. ---- Nutalloides, xxvi, 313. ---- triangulata, vii, 62.

Maranta arundinacea, v, 302.

Matelea lævis, v, 291.

Melanthium virginium, xi, 178.

Monarda allophylla, iv, 56. ---- Bradburiana, x, 260. ---- scabra, x, 260.

Mosses and Ferns of the United States, by _L. C. Beck_, xv, 287.

Mucedinea, on vines, xxix, 367.

Muhlenbergia filipes, xliv, 83.

Mylocarium ligustrinum, xxvi, 319.

Myosotis inflexa, xlvi, 98. ---- macrosperma, xlvi, 98. ---- stricta, xlvi, 98. ---- verna, xlvi, 97.

Myosurus Shortii, i, 379.

Myrrhis canadensis, xi, 175. ---- longistylis, xi, 175.

Nelumbium luteum, iv, 64.

Nemopanthus, i, 377.

Nemostyles cælestina, xlix, 130. ---- gemmiflora, xlix, 131.

Neottia gemmipara, xlvii, 185.

Oakesia Conradii, xlv, 215.

Œnothera sinuata, xi, 180.

Olea americana, northern limit of, _H. B. Croom_, xxvi, 315.

Oligostachyum, iv, 58.

Orchis tribe, synonymy of some species of, _A. Gray_, xxxviii, 306.

Orchis spectabilis, monstrous flower of, _J. W. Bailey_, xxxv, 117.^f

Oxyria reniformis, xlv, 29.

Panicum longisetum, iv, 58.

Passiflora Warei, v, 297.

Peaches growing on an almond tree, ii, 363.

Penstemon Nuttalli, xiv, 120.

Petalostemon roseum, v, 298. ---- villosum, iv, 66.

Peucedanum ternatum, xxviii, 165.

Phacelia brevistylis, xlv, 172. ---- fimbriata, xlv, 171. ---- Purshii, xlv, 171. ---- pusilla, xlv, 172.

Philadelphus hirsutus, xlix, 130.

Phalangium esculentum, iv, 60.

Phlox bifida, xi, 170. ---- divaricata, xi, 169. ---- glutinosa, xlv, 177. ---- pilosa, xi, 169.

Physalis pubescens, xi, 170.

Piper leptostachyum, v, 287.

Planera or Siberian elm, xx, 377.

Plumbago floridana, v, 290.

Poa modesta, xlv, 45.

Polanisia, i, 378.

Potamogeton Claytoni, xlv, 38. ---- pulcher, xlv, 38.

Potentilla supina, xiv, 114.

Prenanthes aphylla, v, 299.

Primula farinosa, iv, 59.

Prinos coriaceus, v, 293.

Prosartes maculata, xlvii, 201.

Protococcus kermesinus, analogies of, with the red particles of the blood, xxxvi, 206.

Prunus pennsylvanica, xiv, 112.

Psychotria lanceolata, v, 290.

Pteris alabamensis, xlv, 177.

Pycnanthemi, conspectus of, xlii, 44.

Pycnanthemum albescens, xlii, 45. ---- aristatum, xlii, 44. ---- clinopodioides, xlii, 45. ---- dubium, xlii, 45. ---- hyssopifolium, xlii, 44. ---- incanum, xlii, 45. ---- lanceolatum, xlii, 46. ---- linifolium, xlii, 46. ---- montanum, xlii, 47. ---- muticum, xlii, 46. ---- nudum, xlii, 47. ---- pilosum, xiv, 117; xlii, 46. ---- Torrei, xlii, 46. ---- Tullii, xlii, 45.

Rafflesia, iii, 377.

Ranunculus, new species, near collinus, xiv, 116.

Rosa rubifolia, xiv, 113.

Rottböllia ciliata, i, 357. ---- corrugata, i, 355.

Ruellia ciliosa, xiv, 119.

Sabal Adansoni, xxvi, 315. ---- hystrix, v, 293. ---- minima, v, 293.

Salix ambigua, xlv, 35. ---- Cutleri, xlv, 36. ---- myrtilloides, xlv, 34. ---- phylicifolia, xlv, 35.

Sanguinaria canadensis, xlix, 130.

Sanicula marilandica, xi, 174.

Sarracenia, remarks on the genus and species of, _H. B. Croom_, xxvi, 316. ---- pulchella, xxv, 75.

Saxifraga Careyana, xlii, 32.

Schænus effusus, northern limit of, _H. B. Croom_, xxvi, 315.

Scutellaria arguta, xlv, 175. ---- saxatilis, xlii, 18. ---- parvula, xiv, 117.

Selloa nudata, v, 300.

Shortia, characters of the genus, xlii, 48.

Silene axillaris, vii, 62. ---- regia, xi, 182.

Silphium, v, 301.

Sium tricuspidatum, xi, 175.

Smilax grandifolia, xlv, 171.

Solorina saccata, xlv, 49.

Sophora affinis, xlix, 130.

Squamaria rubina, notice of, xxxix, 183.

Stachys aspera, iv, 65.

Stanleya amplexifolia, v, 297.

Stillingia ligustrina, xlix, 129. ---- oblongifolia, xlix, 128.

Streptopus maculatus, xlv, 170.

Sullivantia, characters of the genus, xlii, 22. ---- ----, ohioensis, xlii, 22.

Swertia deflexa, found in Maine, xxxii, 23.

Thalictrum clavatum, xlii, 17. ---- debile, xlv, 175. ---- filipes, xlii, 17.

Thermopsis caroliniana, xliv, 80. ---- fraxinifolia, xliv, 81.

Thyrsanthus floridana, xxv, 75.

Tiarella cordifolia, iv, 63.

Tillandsia Bartrami, v, 292. ---- monostachya, v, 292.

Tradescantia virginica, iv, 60.

Trillium recurvatum, xi, 178. ---- viride, xi, 178.

Tullia pycnanthemoides, xx, 343.^f

Ulmus crassifolia, xlix, 129. ---- racemosa, xix, 170.^f

Usnea acharius, from N. South Shetlands, vi, 104.^f

Utricularia intermedia, xlv, 28. ---- nelumbiifolia, xlv, 215. ---- striata, xlv, 29.

Uvularia lanceolata, xi, 178. ---- perfoliata, iv, 61.

Vaccinium hirsutum, xlv, 175. ---- ursinum, xliv, 82.

Valeriana ciliata, xlii, 51.

Verbena bracteosa, xiv, 118. ---- lanceolata, xiv, 118. ---- hybrids of different species, xlvi, 99.

Vicia Douglassii, iv, 66.

Viola, monograph of the American species of the genus, by _L. D. de Schweinitz_, v, 48. ---- asarifolia, v, 54. ---- bicolor, v, 78. ---- blanda, v, 65. ---- canadensis, v, 68. ---- clandestina, v, 65. ---- concolor, v, 79. ---- cordifolia, v, 62. ---- cucullata, v, 59. ---- debilis, v, 71. ---- eriocarpa, v, 75. ---- hastata, v, 77. ---- lanceolata, v, 64. ---- Nutalli, v, 77. ---- obliqua, v, 60. ---- ochroleuca, v, 69. ---- ovata, v, 58. ---- palmata, v, 51. ---- pedata, v, 50. ---- primulifolia, v, 64. ---- pubescens, v, 74. ---- punctata, v, 67. ---- repens, v, 70. ---- rostrata, v, 72. ---- rotundifolia, v, 63. ---- sagittata, v, 56. ---- striata, v, 76. ---- triloba, v, 57. ---- tripartita, v, 73. ---- uliginosa, v, 72. ---- villosa, v, 61.

Xanthium maculatum, i, 151.

Zizia pinnatifida, xlv, 175.

Botany, Fossil.

---- of the coal strata, _A. Brongniart_, iv, 266.^f ----, ---- ----, _H. Witham_, xviii, 110.^f ----, ---- ----, of England, iii, 246. ----, ---- ----, of Ohio, at Zanesville, _E. Granger_, iii, 5.^f ----, ---- ----, of Ohio valley, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxix, 1, 151.^f

Abies Benstedi, xlv, 402.

Carpolithus Smithii, xlv, 402.

Culmites, vii, 180.

Ficoidites scabrosus, xxxi, 31.^f

Filicites, generic characters of, vii, 181.

Fucoides bilobata, xlviii, 307.^f ---- demissa, xlvii, 360.^f ---- Harlani, xlviii, 299.^f ----, of New York, xxxvi, 46. ----, of Indiana, xliv, 290.^f ----, of Pennsylvania, xx, 415; xxvii, 347. ----, remarks on, by _Brongniart_, ix, 375.

Palmacites, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Palm, Ohio, xxxi, 35.^f ----, trees, Indiana, _D. D. Owen_, xlv, 336.

Sigillaria, vii, 180. ----, in coal fields near Liverpool, xlv, 403. ----, relation to Stigmariæ, xlix, 227. ----, marineria, xxxi, 30.^f

Stigmaria, vii, 180. ----, relation to Sigillariæ, xlix, 227.

Strobilus caryophyllus, xxxi, 32.^f

Syringodendron, vii, 180. ----, Kirtlandius, xxxi, 29.^f ----, trees and wood, see under _Fossil_.

Zamia sussexiensis, xlv, 401. ----, fossil fruits of, _G. A. Mantell_, xlv, 401.

Botanical collections, notice of several, xlv, 225. ----, fêtes in France, ix, 154. ----, garden, in Russia, at St. Petersburg, xx, 175. ----, ----, in Austria, ii, 340. ----, press, _J. Locke_, xxx, 54.^f ----, works of Rafinesque, xl, 221. ----, ----, notices of various, see under _Works_.

Bottles, glass, strength of, xix, 197. ----, for washing, in chemical manipulations, xxxi, 292.^f

_Botto, G. D._, on electro-chemical action, xxiv, 197; xxix, 369.

Boulders over the northern parts of England, _Prof. Phillips_, xxxi, 360. ----, ibid, _R. I. Murchison_, xxxi, 375. ----, and glaciers in Switzerland, _Agassiz_, xli, 59, 190. ----, of the North of Germany, xxviii, 389. ----, large, in Invernesshire, vi, 158. ----, and diluvial scratches, in the U. States, xli, 174. ----, in New England, their positions attributed to a retiring ocean, ix, 28. ----, in R. Island, _C. T. Jackson_, xl, 184. ----, in Maine, _C. T. Jackson_, xxxvi, 152. ----, in the Connecticut valley, vi, 85. ----, in western N. York, xxxvi, 39. ----, in New York, about the sources of the Hudson and to the southward, xxxiii, 304, 315. ----, on Long Island, xxxvi, 20. ----, of Labrador feldspar, near Pompton, N. J., v, 241. ----, of Ohio, D. and _I. A. Lapham_, xxii, 300. ----, in the valley of the Muskingum, xxix, 11. ----, in Illinois, xxxiv, 141. ----, in Indiana, _J. S. Plummer_, xliv, 296, 303. ----, of gneiss and granite on the Côteau des Prairies, _G. Catlin_, xxxviii, 142. ----, of the Canadian lakes and valley of the St. Lawrence, _C. Lyell_, xlvi, 314. ----, the origin of, remarks on, _P. Dobson_, x, 217. ----, _Murchison's_ citation of _Dobson's_ views on, xliii, 200. ----, transported by ice, in the polar current, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxii, 351. ----, on the supposed transportation of, _J. E. DeKay_, xiii, 348. ----, buoyancy of, at great depths, xxviii, 111. ----, gravel, &c., remarks on, _Sedgwick_, xxxiii, 287. ----, or erratic blocks, theory of, _B. Struder_, xxxvi, 326. ----, glacial theory of _Agassiz_, xlii, 352.^f ----, see farther under _Drift_ and _Scratches_.

Boundaries of empires, affected by Physical Geography, xiv, 18; xvi, 99.

_Bourne, A._, manufacture of glass for optical purposes, xl, 207. ----, prairies and barrens of the west, ii, 30. ----, presentation of shells to Yale College, xxxix, 195. ----, resistance of liquids, xxviii, 231.

_Bourne, W. O._, Bergen Hill minerals, xl, 69.

_Bowditch, N._, life and character of, _A. Young_, xxxv, 1.^f ----, obituary notice of, xxxiv, 220. ----, notice of, by the Duke of Sussex, xxxvi, 214. ----, list of the scientific papers of, xxxv, 46. ----, Mécanique Céleste, publication of, xxxv, 17. ----, Treatise on Navigation, by, origin of, xxxv, 9.

_Bowdoin, J._, account of an irised aurora, xviii, 72.

_Bowen, A. W._, Floral Calendar for 1826-7, as kept in Herkimer Co., N. Y., xvi, 48.

_Bowen, G. T._, analysis of a siliceous hydrate of copper from New Jersey, viii, 118. ----, ---- the tungstate of lime, of Huntington, Ct., v, 118. ----, description and analysis of Sillimanite, viii, 113. ----, localities of spodumene in Massachusetts, viii, 121. ----, magnetic effects produced by _Hare's_ calorimoter, v, 357.

_Bowman, J. E._, infusorial vegetable remains in England, xl, 174.

_Boué_, geological journey, ix, 23.

_Bowring, J._, on the boracic acid lagoons of Tuscany, xxxvii, 270.

_Boyé, M. H._, production of a perchloric ether, xl, 50. ----, on perchloric ether, xlii, 63.

_Brace, J. P._, list of plants growing in Litchfield Co., Conn., iv, 69, 292. ----, on the minerals of Litchfield Co., Ct., i, 351. ----, on the Phalæna devastata or cut-worm, i, 154.

_Braconnot_, on xiloidine, xxviii, 131.

_Brady, Samuel_, legend of, xxxi, 43.

Brady's Hill, legend of, xxxi, 20.

Brain of idiots, defective, xxxiv, 31.

_Brandes, H. W._, notice of, xxviii, 97. ----, observations on shooting stars, xv, 168; xxviii, 97; xxxiii, 361; xxxv, 231, 361.

Brandy from potatoes, _Siemen's_ process for making, ix, 386.

_Braun, A._, Charæ of North America, xlvi, 92. ----, on North American Equiseta, xlvi, 81.

Brazil, number of known plants in, xv, 390.

Bread, on alcohol in, xxiii, 194; xxvi, 211. ----, use of sulphate of copper and other saline materials in making, _M. Kuhlmann_, xx, 269.

Breast wheels, _A. B. Quinby_, xi, 333.

Breathing, voluntary, v, 203.

Breccia, cemented by hematitic iron, viii, 18. ----, quartzose, in western Massachusetts, viii, 18.

Breislakite, xi, 250.

_Breithaupt's_ specific gravities of minerals, table of, xxxi, 268.

_Bremicker's_ comet, xl, 207.

Brevicite, a new mineral species, xxx, 178.

_Brewster, D._, on the distribution of the coloring matter and the optical properties of the Brazilian topaz, vii, 364. ----, a new fluid in minerals, vii, 186. ----, new structure in the diamond, xxxiv, 37. ----, monochromatic lamp, vii, 363. ----, double refraction resulting from pressure, xxi, 296. ----, cause of double refraction in crystals, xxi, 299. ----, on the polarization of light by reflection, xxii, 277.^f ----, on the action of second surfaces of transparent plates upon light, xxiii, 28.^f ----, laws of the polarization of light by refraction, xxiii, 225.^f ----, a new properly of light, xxxiv, 20. ----, a new kind of polarity in homogeneous light, xxxv, 292. ----, new discoveries with the spectrum, xliv, 163, 164. ----, dichroism of some palladio-chlorides, xliv, 165. ----, on the cause of muscæ volitantes, xl, 333. ----, on the decomposition of glass, and on the polarization of decomposed glass, xl, 324, 325. ----, on the line of visible direction, along the axis of vision, xl, 334. ----, cause of increase of color when objects are seen with the head inverted, xl, 343. ----, action of gaseous and other media on the solar spectrum, xlii, 157.

_Brewster's_ (_Gilbert_) frame for spinning wool, notice of, x, 130.

Brewsterite, xx, 198.

Bricks of the ancients, xxvi, 234. ---- made near Jamaica, N. Y., xxxvi, 21. ---- made by a press, vi, 396. ----, use of anthracite in the making of, _W. Meade_, xviii, 118. ----, fire, made at Bennington, Vt., xxxii, 195; xxxiii, 202.

Bridge-building, _Town's_ new mode of, iii, 158^f; xxxviii, 276.^f

Bridge, description of, _G. W. Long_, xviii, 123.^f ----, chain, in progress, over the Menai, an arm of the Irish sea, vi, 384.

Brines, see _Salt_ and _Springs_.

_Bringier, L._, geology, mineralogy, aboriginal inhabitants, &c. of the regions of the Mississippi, iii, 15.

Bromine, discovery of, by _M. Balard_, xii, 198. ----, nature of, xiii, 398. ----, new compounds of, xiv, 386. ----, preparation of, xviii, 154. ----, and iodine, atomic weight of, _Berzelius_, xix, 383. ----, hydrate of, xx, 194. ----, combinations of, _C. Löwig_, xviii, 153. ----, and iodine in mineral waters, remarks on, _Prof. Daubeny_, xxi, 366. ----, and iodine in the Baltic, xix, 382. ----, in the Salina brines and Saratoga waters, xviii, 142. ----, in the Kenawha waters, xviii, 260. ----, in the Hingham salt works, Mass., xx, 161. ----, and iodine in the salt springs at Athens, Ohio, _W. W. Mather_, xlix, 211.

_Brongniart, Al._, miscellaneous geological and mineralogical observations, iii, 216. ----, on the art of pottery and vitrification, new work of, xxxi, 134. ----, on organized remains, notice of, i, 71; iv, 396. ----, seven classes of rocks, xxxix, 149. ----, zoological characters of rocks, and the application of these characters to determining some strata of the chalk era, viii, 213.

_Brongniart, Ad._, on the nature of the vegetables of the earth at different epochs of its formation, xxxiv, 315.

Bronzing iron and gun barrels, method of, xxx, 173.

Bronzite, analysis of, (Seybertite,) _T. G. Clemson_, xxiv, 171. ----, locality of, in New York, xvi, 185; xxi, 327.

Brookite, xviii, 392.

_Brown, S._, substance accompanying the native nitre of Kentucky, i, 146.

_Brown_, production of silicon from paracyanogen, xli, 208.

_Brown's_ active molecules, xvii, 390.

Brown spar in Massachusetts, viii, 235; in New York, ii, 237.

_Browne, J. B._, impression in marble, xix, 361.^f

_Bruce, Archibald_, biographical notice of, i, 299.^f

Brucite, see _Chondrodite_.

Bubbles, blown in melted rosin, ii, 179.

_Buckland, Prof._, Bridgewater Treatise of, noticed, _C. Lyell_, xxxiii, 112. ----, instructions for conducting geological investigations and collecting specimens, iii, 249. ----, on the vitality of toads enclosed in stone or wood, xxiii, 272.

_Buckley, S. B._, botanical labors of, xlii, 12. ----, new species of plants, xlv, 170. ----, skeleton of a Zygodon, xliv, 409.

_Buel, J._, excrementitious matter thrown off by plants, xxviii, 267.

Buhrstone in Indiana, i, 132. ----, in Missouri, iii, 28. ----, of Ohio, xxix, 142; xxv 233.

Building stone, expansion and contraction of, by variations of temperature, _W. H. C. Bartlett_, xxii, 136.^f ----, ---- in western New York, xxxvi, 45.

_Burden's_ boat, introduced into France, xxx, 174.

_Burgess, A._, a notice of bees, xxii, 164.

_Burnett, G. T._, on the functions of vegetable life, xxi, 153.

Burning well, Ohio, xlix, 406.

Burns, a tried cure, xxvi, 188.

_Burritt, E. H._, on the elements of the solar system, xxvi, 129.

Bustamite, xviii, 392.

Butter, depuration of, xxiv, 200. ----, preservation of, xviii, 145. ----, volatile acids of, _J. U. Lezch_, xlix, 202.

Butterflies, emigration of, xiv, 387.

Butyric acid from fibrin, xlviii, 186. ----, ether, action of ammonia on, xlviii, 191.

_Byrne, O._, mode of determining heights, xliv, 12.^f

C.

Cacoxenite, analysis of, xviii, 391. ----, in New York, xl, 76.

Cadmia in the Salisbury furnace, viii, 57. ----, in N. Jersey, of furnace origin, called ancramite, v, 235, 399; vi, 180. ----, in a furnace at Bennington, Vt., xii, 168.

Cadmium, sulphuret of, associated with prehnite, xii, 52.

Caffeine, viii, 381.

Calamine in Virginia, xliii, 169. ----, with the lead ore of the west, xii, 376. ----, in Michigan, xli, 185. ----, electric, in Michigan, xli, 185.

Calamites, vii, 180.

Calc spar, formation of, v, 405. ---- ----, and arragonite, _Becquerel_, on the different formation of, xxiii, 387. ---- ----, in Connecticut, vi, 246. ---- ----, Massachusetts, i, 115; vii, 255; viii, 32. ---- ----, New Jersey, ii, 194; xl, 69; xliv, 60. ---- ----, New York, iv, 45; ix, 251; xxv, 346; xl, 76. ---- ----, Nova Scotia, xxx, 347.^f ---- ----, Pennsylvania, x, 222. ---- ----, western states, iii, 67; vii, 47. ---- ----, of Rossie, N. Y., with figures of crystals, xlvi, 33.^f ---- tufa in Massachusetts, viii, 34. ---- ----, in New York, vii, 252. ---- ----, in Western States, vii, 47.

Calcium, atomic weight of, xlvii, 189. ----, obtained by _R. Hare_, xxxvii, 267; xxxviii, 115, 181, 189; xxxix, 362; xl, 293.^f

Calculating machine, Constants, _Babbage's_, xxviii, 64.

Calculi, chemical examination of, by _J. F. Dana_, iv, 149. ----, urinary, composition of, xvii, 190. ----, gouty, xlvii, 197. ----, in the ovary of a turtle, _J. E. Muse_, xxvii, 163.

Calculous affections, _E. D. Smith_, iii, 300. ---- ----, use of alkaline pastils in, xi, 388.

Calculus, higher, fundamental principle of, demonstrated by the method of indeterminates, xvii, 74. ----, differential, first principles of, _T. Strong_, xlv, 269.

California, climate of, _J. Ball_, xxviii, 15. ----, elevation of, during the tertiary epoch, _T. A. Conrad_, xxxv, 245.

Calligraphy, method of, by _M. Le Roy_, vii, 377.

Calomel, remarks on, xlvii, 193.

Caloric, a cause of galvanic currents, _J. P. Emmet_, xxv, 269. ----, the cause of all kinds of attractions, _S. L. Metcalf_, xxvii, 153. ----, see farther, _Heat_.

Calorificator, xxx, 168.

Calorimeter, new, _A. Ure_, xxxviii, 109.

Calorimotor, _R. Hare_, i, 413^f; v, 94. ----, magnetic effects of, v, 357. ----, remarks on _Dr. Hare's_, v, 364. ----, for galvano-ignition, _R. Hare_, xxxii, 284.^f ----, mode of increasing shocks, _C. G. Page_, xxxi, 137.^f

Calstronbarite, supposed new mineral, _C. U. Shepard_, xxxiv, 161. ----, not a mineral species, xliii, 366.

Cambrian system, _Sedgwick_, xxxvii, 220.

Cambridge, England, improvements in, xlvi, 403.

Cambridge course of mathematics, review of, v, 304.

Cameos, from shell, xxxii, 257.

_Campbell, A. W._, an electro-magnetic engine, xxxv, 343.^f

Camphor, crystallization of, _M. John_, xiii, 175. ----, odor of, destroyed temporarily by electric action, xix, 380.

Canada, maps of, in course of preparation, xvi, 380.

Canada, vegetable coloring materials in, xviii, 186. ----, cave containing bones at Lanark, ix, 354. ----, supposed volcano in, xxx, 238, 241. ----, highest mountain in Lower, xxx, 239. ----, geology and minerals of the vicinity of Kingston, xviii, 104. ----, transition rocks of the Cataraqui, _R. H. Bonnycastle_, xviii, 85; xx, 74^f; xxiv, 97^f; xxx, 233.^f ----, various fossils in, _J. Bigsby_, viii, 60. ----, geological survey of, ordered, xlviii, 404.

Canals, mathematical problems relating to contents of, _D. C. Lapham_, xxvii, 127.^f ----, navigable, _Girard_ on, iv, 102; vii, 286. ----, Amsterdam, v, 181. ----, in the U. States, extent of, _Prof. Henry_, xxxiii, 296. ----, method of conducting surveys of, in the state of New York, _E. F. Johnson_, xxiv, 19.^f ----, Erie, tolls on, x, 398. ----, of Ohio, xx, 416; xxv, 241. ----, Ohio and Pennsylvania, xxxi, 40. ----, of Pennsylvania, _E. Miller_, xxv, 85; xxvi, 108. ----, route of the Michigan and Illinois, _C. U. Shepard_, xxxiv, 138. ----, Louisville and Shippingsport, Ky., xiv, 65.^f

Canal, Welland, U. C., account of, _W. H. Merritt_, xiv, 159.^f ----, to connect Lake Superior with Lake Huron, xlvi, 213. ----, locks at Cincinnati, Ohio, plan of, _D. Lapham_, xxiv,